摘要:
Without slight doubt synthesis of carboxylic acids and their derivatives through the carboxylation reactions of organometallic compounds using CO2 as the raw material are one of the most attractive and hot research topics in the field of CO2 utilization. Therefore, broadening the scope of nucleophilic reagents for this appealing page of carboxylic acids synthesis is always interesting. Over the past few decades, organoboron compounds have aroused great interest in the organic chemistry community as promising organometallic reagents owing to their high stability, reactivity, safety, and easy accessibility. Not surprisingly, these compounds have recently found application in the area of CO2-fixation reactions. This review describes the achievements that have been reported on this fast-growing research arena.
摘要:
Skin wounds are commonly seen, while their repair can be severely affected due to bacterial infections. Using the wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as miniaturized electrical stimulation (ES) devices at the wound site is an appealing strategy for infected skin wounds repair. However, the development of an integrated TENG patch to achieve in situ ES as well as controlled drug loading/release remains challenging. Herein, a flexible TENG patch is rationally designed with a surface-engineered electrode possessing Mg-Al layered double hydroxide as a smart drug container and friction layer to accelerate infected wounds healing. The surface engineered TENG patch exhibits improved triboelectricity-generation performance and effective delivery of minocycline. In vitro results show that such TENG patches can kill almost 100% of E. coli and S. aureus, and greatly promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. Upon application to the S. aureus-infected wounds with full-thickness skin defect in mice, the patches can inhibit wound bacteria (similar to 96.7%) and facilitate the skin tissue repair process, allowing the infected wound to heal within 10 days. Moreover, a novel antibacterial mechanism of a low-intensity electric field from alternating current is proposed, which can be ascribed to the accumulated electrical breakdown effect and H2O2 produced by ES to rupture the bacterial membranes. This work offers a convenient solution for infected wound treatment and opens a new route for personalized healthcare devices for microbial management.
摘要:
Since December 2019, more than 79,000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID-19 control. Psychological stress, especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, should not be ignored. To address this concern, the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses) to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app-based questionnaire. Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses, were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses (P < 0.001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non-front-line nurses (P > 0.05). Therefore, increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff, especially non-front-line nurses, and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID-19. Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary.
期刊:
The Lancet,2020年396(10258):1204-1222 ISSN:0140-6736
通讯作者:
Murray, Christopher J. L.
作者机构:
[Abbafati, Cristiana] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Jurid & Econ Studies, Rome, Italy.;[Bisignano, Catherine; Naghavi, Mohsen; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Leever, Andrew T.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Torre, Anna E.; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Castle, Chris D.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Nguyen, Michele; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Compton, Kelly; Fuller, John E.; Wang, Hongbo; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Liu, Zichen; Vos, Theo; May, Erin A.; Alam, Tahiya; Dangel, William James; Shadid, Jamileh; Dandona, Rakhi; Goren, Emily; Nichols, Emma; Sbarra, Alyssa N.; Pigott, David M.; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Vongpradith, Avina; Dean, Frances E.; Harvey, James D.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Cruz, Jessica A.; Walters, Magdalene K.; Zhao, Jeff T.; Hay, Simon I.; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Galles, Natalie C.; Orji, Aislyn U.; Assmus, Michael; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Watson, Stefanie; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Fukutaki, Kai; Huynh, Chantal K.; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; Jafari, Hussain; Rao, Puja C.; Xu, Rixing; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Estep, Kara; Pilz, Tessa M.; Guo, Gaorui; Lim, Stephen S.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Balassyano, Shelly; Fu, Weijia; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Lo, Justin; Wilner, Lauren B.; Bryazka, Dana; Travillian, Ravensara; Hamilton, Erin B.; Wiens, Kirsten E.; Stark, Benjamin A.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Marks, Ashley; Yearwood, Jamal A.; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Azhar, Gulrez; Troeger, Christopher E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Brauer, Michael; Taylor, Heather Jean; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Sheena, Brittney S.; Mokdad, Ali H.; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Reinig, Nickolas; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Gorman, Taren M.; Zheng, Peng; Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.; Bender, Rose G.; Anderson, Jason A.; Deen, Amanda; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Terrason, Sonyah; Castro, Emma; Smith, Amanda; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Roth, Gregory A.; Cohen, Aaron J.; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Simpson, Kyle E.; Cao, Jackie; Charlson, Fiona J.; Cunningham, Matthew; Burkart, Katrin; Herbert, Molly E.; Yadgir, Simon; Larson, Heidi Jane; Nixon, Molly R.; Hsiao, Thomas; Degenhardt, Louisa; Force, Lisa M.; Ippolito, Helen; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Wu, Junjie; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Henny, Kiana; Maddison, Emilie R.; Pennini, Alyssa; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Dingels, Zachary V.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Han, Chieh; Feigin, Valery L.; Ma, Jianing; Bannick, Marlena S.; Munro, Sandra B.; Dandona, Lalit; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Vollset, Stein Emil; Wilson, Shadrach; Wozniak, Sarah S.; Rolfe, Sam; LeGrand, Kate E.; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Watson, Alexandrea; Haddock, Beatrix; Paulson, Katherine R.; Chalek, Julian; Lescinsky, Haley; Comfort, Haley; Biehl, Molly H.; Tang, Muming; Cercy, Kelly M.; Lu, Alton; Spencer, Cory N.; Ong, Kanyin L.; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Razo, Christian; Wunrow, Han Yong; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Ferrara, Giannina; Gardner, William M.; Mooney, Meghan D.; Mumford, John Everett; Liu, Hung-Chun; Fox, Jack T.; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Sharara, Fablina; Feldman, Rachel; Pierce, Maxwell; Kemmer, Laura; Frank, Tahvi D.; Lozano, Rafael; Odell, Christopher M.; Afshin, Ashkan; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Keller, Cathleen; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Pasovic, Maja; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Farag, Tamer; James, Spencer L.; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Steuben, Krista M.; Fullman, Nancy; Mullany, Erin C.; Croneberger, Andrew J.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Lin, Christine; Wang, Jiayu; Manguerra, Helena; Thomson, Azalea M.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Nguyen, Jason; Antony, Catherine M.; Agesa, Kareha M.; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Pease, Spencer A.; York, Hunter W.; Pletcher, Martin; Lopez, Alan D.; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Krohn, Kris J.; Callender, Charlton S. K. H.; Han, Hannah; Shaw, David H.; Causey, Kate; Albertson, Samuel B.; Knight, Megan; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Wool, Eve E.; Martopullo, Ira; Briant, Paul Svitil; Barthelemy, Celine M.] Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.;[Machado, Daiane Borges] London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Ctr Global Mental Hlth CGMH, London, England.;[Cislaghi, Beniamino; Salman, Omar Mukhtar] London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Global Hlth & Dev, London, England.;[Karanikolos, Marina; Mckee, Martin] London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Hlth Serv Res & Policy, London, England.
通讯机构:
[Murray, Christopher J. L.] U;Univ Washington, Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
摘要:
Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.