通讯机构：
[Hongsen Xu] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
摘要：
This study investigated the effects of dietary chitosan on growth, antioxidant, immunity, intestinal morphology and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii female x Acipenser schrenckii male). Sturgeons (18.18 +/- 0.08 g) were randomly divided into four groups, fed with chitosan-supplemented diets for 8 weeks and then infected with A. hydrophila. The results showed significant differences of body weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio in sturgeon fed chitosan and control diets. The oral administration of chitosan significantly increased the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, su-peroxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, as well as the complement 3 and 4 contents and disease resistance against A. hydrophila. Moreover, enhancement of muscular thickness and goblet cells in mid intestine and increase of muscular thickness and villus height in spiral valve were observed in the chitosan supplemented groups. In addition, dietary chitosan-supplemented diets mitigated the changes of antioxidant and immune activity induced by A. hydrophila challenge, as well as prevented fish from bacterial invasion. The optimal dose was 3.00 g chitosan/kg diet for hybrid sturgeon.
作者机构：
[Yu, Denghang; Cai, Fangfang; Li, Shuheng] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Collaborat Innovat Ctr Anim Nutr & Feed Safe, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Hang] Hubei Water Resources & Hydropower Sci & Technol i, Hubei Water Resources Res Inst, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.;[Li, Renhui] Wenzhou Univ, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Wenzhou 325035, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Fangfang Cai] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
作者机构：
Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, China;Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;[Hongyan Ren] Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding of Hubei Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;[Zhe Chao] Hainan Key Laboratory for Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
通讯机构：
[Ling Guo] H;Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
摘要：
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) can elicit meningitis in pigs; however, the pathogenic mechanisms of meningitis induced by G. parasuis remain unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to play key roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. However, whether lncRNAs are involved in meningitis triggered by G. parasuis has not been investigated. In this study, we performed an integrative analysis of lncRNAs expression profiles in the porcine brain infected with G. parasuis using RNA-seq. The results showed that lncRNA expressions in G. parasuis-induced meningitis were modified, and a total of 306 lncRNAs exhibited significant differential expression, in which 176 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 130 lncRNAs were down-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed target mRNAs of affected lncRNAs in G. parasuis-infected porcine brain were mainly involved in the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), Jak-STAT signaling pathway, PI3k-Akt signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. The expression relationship between the most affected differential lncRNAs and their differential target mRNAs was visualized by a co-expression network. A protein-protein interaction network consisting of 12 differential targets was constructed using STRING analysis. In addition, differential expressions of important lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. lncRNA ALDBSSCT0000007362, ALDBSSCT0000001959, ALDBSSCT0000005529, MSTRG.2939.1, and MSTRG.32374.1 showed the same expression pattern with the lncRNA sequencing data. Our results demonstrated that G. parasuis could modify the lncRNA expression profiles in the porcine brain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report revealing the integrative analysis of lncRNA expression profiles in G. parasuis-induced meningitis, which could enhance important information to understand the inflammatory functions of lncRNAs involved in swine meningitis, and also provide a foundation for finding out novel strategies to prevent and treat meningitis in piglets triggered by G. parasuis.
摘要：
Abstract: Estrus is crucial for cow fertility in modern dairy farms, but almost 50% of cows do not show the behavioral signs of estrus due to silent estrus and lack of suitable and high-accuracy methods to detect estrus. MiRNA and exosomes play essential roles in reproductive function and may be developed as novel biomarkers in estrus detection. Thus, we analyzed the miRNA expression patterns in milk exosomes during estrus and the effect of milk exosomes on hormone secretion in cultured bovine granulosa cells in vitro. We found that the number of exosomes and the exosome protein concentration in estrous cow milk were significantly lower than in non-estrous cow milk. Moreover, 133 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs were identified in estrous cow milk vs. non-estrous cow milk. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that exosomal miRNAs were involved in reproduction and hormone-synthesis-related pathways, such as cholesterol metabolism, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, Wnt signaling pathway and GnRH signaling pathway. Consistent with the enrichment signaling pathways, exosomes derived from estrous and non-estrous cow milk both could promote the secretion of estradiol and progesterone in cultured bovine granulosa cells. Furthermore, genes related to hormonal synthesis (CYP19A1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 and RUNX2) were up-regulated after exosome treatment, while exosomes inhibited the expression of StAR. Moreover, estrous and non-estrous cow-milk-derived exosomes both could increase the expression of bcl2 and decrease the expression of p53, and did not influence the expression of caspase-3. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate exosomal miRNA expression patterns during dairy cow estrus and the role of exosomes in hormone secretion by bovine granulosa cells. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further investigating milk-derived exosomes and exosomal miRNA effects on ovary function and reproduction. Moreover, bovine milk exosomes may have effects on the ovaries of human consumers of pasteurized cow milk. These differential miRNAs might provide candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis of dairy cow estrus and will assist in developing new therapeutic targets for cow infertility. Keywords: exosome; dairy cow; milk; miRNAs; hormonal synthesis; gene regulation; granulosa cell
作者机构：
[Guo, S. S.; Liu, Z. P.; Li, L. L.; Xu, P. T.; Ding, B. Y.; Chao, J. R.; Zhang, Z. F.] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Engn Res Ctr Feed Prot Resources Agr By Prod, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Minist Educ, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Lv, H. Y.] China Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Anim Nutr, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.;[Lv, H. Y.] Beijing Ctr Biol Co Ltd, Beijing 102600, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[L.L. Li; S.S. Guo] E;Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
关键词：
Cnicus japonicus;Lonicera flos;antioxidant status;inflammatory cytokine;laying hen
摘要：
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lonicera flos and Cnicus japonicus extracts (LCE) on the laying performance, egg quality, morphology, antioxidant status, inflammatory-related cytokines, and shell matrix protein expression of oviduct in laying hens. A total of 1,728 Roman Pink laying hens aged 73-wk-old were randomly assigned into 4 groups (18 replicates/group, 24 layers/replicate) fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 300, 500, and 1,000 mg of LCE per kg of diet, respectively. The trial lasted for 11 wk, including 2-wk adjustment period and 9-wk testing period. The results indicated that laying hens fed diets supplemented with LCE linearly increased egg weight, yolk color and shell thickness at wk 78 and albumen height, Haugh unit and shell thickness at wk 83 (P < 0.05). At wk 78, LCE groups linearly affected the hydrogen peroxide content in magnum (P < 0.05) and 300 mg/kg LCE groups had the highest catalase activity in isthmus (P < 0.05). At wk 83, LCE groups linearly reduced (P < 0.05) hydrogen peroxide content in the magnum and isthmus and malondialdehyde content in the uterus whereas increased catalase activity in isthmus (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LCE levels quadratically affected glutathione peroxidase activity in isthmus at wk 83 (P < 0.05). At wk 78, the mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interferon-γ in isthmus and ovalbumin and ovocleidin-116 in uterus had linear effects in response to LCE levels (P < 0.05) and 1,000 mg/kg LCE group had the lowest mRNA expression of interleukin-6 in magnum (P < 0.05). At wk 83, LCE supplementation linearly decreased the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α in magnum and tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in uterus (P < 0.05). It is concluded that LCE improved egg quality partly by modulating antioxidant status, inflammatory-related cytokines and shell matrix protein expression of oviduct in laying hens.
通讯机构：
[Chen, H.] L;Laboratory of Genetic Breeding Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Hubei, China
关键词：
Introduction;Materials and Methods;Results;Discussion;Conclusion;Abstract;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interests;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Acknowledgments;Supplementary Materials;Reference;Dataset Description;Dataset Files;Abstract;Introduction;Introduction and Materials;Introduction and Methods;Materials;Materials and Methods;Methods;Results;Discussion;Results and Discussion;Discussion and Conclusion;Results and Conclusion;Conclusion;Conclusions;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interest;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Supplementary Materials;References;Appendix;Abbreviations;Preliminaries;Introduction and Preliminaries;Notation;Proof of Theorem;Proofs;Analysis of Results;Examples;Numerical Example;Applications;Numerical Simulation;Model;Model Formulation;Systematic Palaeontology;Nomenclatural Acts;Taxonomic Implications;Experimental;Synthesis;Overview;Characterization;Background;Experimental;Theories;Calculations;Model Verification;Model Implementation;Geographic location;Study Area;Geological setting;Data Collection;Field Testing;Data and Sampling;Dataset;Literature Review;Related Works;Related Work;System Model;Methods and Data;Experimental Results;Results and Analysis;Evaluation;Implementation;Case Presentation;Case Report;Search Terms;Case Description;Case Series;Background;Limitations;Additional Points;Case;Case 1;Case 2 etc.;Concern Details;Retraction Details;Copyright;Related Articles
摘要：
The influenza virus induces cellular apoptosis during viral propagation, and controlling this virus-induced apoptosis process has been shown to have significant antiviral effects. The proapoptotic BH3-only protein Noxa is a strong inducer of apoptosis that can be activated by this virus, suggesting that Noxa has the potential as an anti-influenza target. To assess the value of Noxa as an antiviral target, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 technology to produce a Noxa-knockout cell line. We found that the knockout of Noxa resulted in a dramatic reduction in the cytopathic effect induced by the influenza virus. Moreover, Noxa knockout decreased the expression of influenza viral proteins (NP, M2, HA, and NS2). In addition, Noxa deficiency triggered a complete autophagic flux to weaken influenza virus-induced autophagosome accumulation, indicating that Noxa may be a promising antiviral target for controlling influenza virus infections.
关键词：
New genus;New species;Polyphasic methods;Taxonomy
摘要：
Two novel cyanobacteria (strains SH01 and SH02) with thin filaments and simple morphology were isolated from Shahu Lake in China. The two strains were morphologically similar to the thin, simple filamentous cyanobacteria. The 16S rRNA gene data phylogeny revealed the distinct lineage of SH01, which was nearest to the clade incorporating the genera Kaiparowitsia, Thermoleptolyngbya and Aerofilum. The strain SH02, together with other Euryhalinema species, grouped in a unique cluster, in which the type species Euryhalinema mangrovii was included. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of SH01 and SH02 showed maximum similarities as 94.2% and 98.5%, respectively, compared to those of established genera and other Euryhalinema species to which they were phylogenetically related. Furthermore, the ITS secondary structures for both strains SH01 and SH02 revealed significant distinction and uniqueness when compared with their respective reference strains (the genera of Oculatellaceae for SH01 and Euryhalinema species for SH02). To sum up, these results verified the establishment of strain SH01 as a novel genus named Shahulinema gen. nov., and strain SH02 as the fourth novel species under the genus Euryhalinema, as E. shahuense sp. nov.
期刊：
Animal Feed Science and Technology,2023年299:115624 ISSN：0377-8401
通讯作者：
Hongsen Xu
作者机构：
[Yu, Denghang; Li, Ruiran; Wei, Jin; Liu, Lihe; Wang, Xiaoni; Xu, Hongsen; Liu, Jun] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Liang, Qianrong] Zhejiang Fisheries Tech Extens Ctr, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.;[Liang, Qianrong] Zhejiang Fisheries Test & Aquat Dis Prevent Ctr, Hangzhou 310023, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Fuguo] Univ Aberdeen, Scottish Fish Immunol Res Ctr, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.;[Zhang, Lin] Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yangtze River Fisheries Res Inst, Wuhan 430223, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Hongsen Xu] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
关键词：
Acipenser baerii♀ × A. schrenckii♂;Aeromonas hydrophila;Antioxidant capacity;Chitosan;Intestinal morphology
摘要：
Chitosan has been universally used as a feed additive, whereas its regulation on hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii female x Acipenser schrenckii male) after bacterial infection has not been well studied. This study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic intervention with dietary chitosan on alle-viating intestinal and liver injury of hybrid sturgeon induced by Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Healthy sturgeons were pre-challenged by treating with A. hydrophila supplemented diets for 1 week and then fed with diets containing different levels (0.00, 1.00, 3.00 and 5.00 g/kg) of chitosan for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) of FBW, WG, SGR, FI and FCR in sturgeon fed chitosan diets compared to those in fish fed the control diet. Significant enhancement (P < 0.05) of LZM, ACP, AKP and MPO activities were observed in all fish serum therapeutically administrated with chitosan. Compared to control diet, the CAT, SOD and GSH-Px capacity were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the MDA content was decreased in liver of sturgeons fed chitosan supplemented diets. Moreover, not only mitigate tissue lesions in the liver and intestine, but also visible increase (P < 0.05) of goblet cells in fish mid intestine as well as evident increase (P < 0.05) of the muscular thickness and villus height (except in group CHI1) in fish spiral valve were observed after therapeutic chitosan supple-mentation. The fish therapeutically administrated with 1.00, 3.00 and 5.00 g/kg chitosan conferred 50.00%, 75.00%, 62.50% relative percent survival, respectively, for hybrid sturgeons pre-challenged with A. hydrophila. These results suggested that therapeutic administration of chitosan by sturgeon not only increases their growth performance, antioxidant activity and non-specific immunity but also alleviates intestinal and liver injury in fish challenged by A. hydrophila.
摘要：
Simple Summary The macrophage CD163 surface glycoprotein is a member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) family class B. It has been identified as the receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes and erythroblasts, and it is the key trigger in host-pathogen interactions. Previous studies have implicated porcine CD163 in macrophage activation delay upon infection with virulent G. parasuis strains, while its exact roles in sensing G. parasuis infection have not yet been assessed. Here, we investigated the role of CD163 in mediating the adhesion and immune response of G. parasuis using in vitro host-pathogen interaction models. We provide evidence that CD163 plays a minor role, unlike those seen in infections with other pathogens, in mediating G. parasuis infection. The macrophage CD163 surface glycoprotein is a member of the SRCR family class B, which has been identified as the key trigger in host-pathogen interactions, but its specific roles in sensing Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) infection are largely unknown. Here, we investigated porcine CD163 in mediating the adhesion and immune response of G. parasuis using in vitro host-bacteria interaction models. CD163-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells (CHO-K1) showed obvious subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, especially in the cytomembrane. Although detection using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the bacterial adhesion, there was no significant difference in the adhesion of G. parasuis to CHO-K1 cells between the presence and absence of CD163. In addition, similar results were observed in 3D4/21 cells. Meanwhile, bindings of G. parasuis to nine synthetic peptides, the bacterial binding motifs within SRCR domains of CD163, were weak based on a solid-phase adhesion assay and agglutination assay. Moreover, CD163 had no effect on the expression of G. parasuis-induced inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, INF-gamma, IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-beta) in CHO-K1 cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate that porcine CD163 plays a minor role in sensing G. parasuis infection.
作者机构：
[Zhang, Qiang; Kitamura, Rie Asada; Wei, Xiaochao; Semenkovich, Clay F.; Dong, Guifang; Remedi, Maria S.; Adak, Sangeeta; Yin, Li; Shyr, Zeenat; Morikawa, Shuntaro; Speck, Sarah L.; Urano, Fumihiko; Feng, Chu] Washington Univ, Div Endocrinol Metab & Lipid Res, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.;[Dong, Guifang] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Spyropoulos, George] Washington Univ, Dept Pediat, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA.;[Dickinson, Bryan C.; Kathayat, Rahul S.] Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.;[Semenkovich, Clay F.; Remedi, Maria S.; Ng, Xue Wen; Piston, David W.] Washington Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA.
通讯机构：
[Wei, XC; Semenkovich, CF ] W;Washington Univ, Div Endocrinol Metab & Lipid Res, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.;Washington Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA.
摘要：
Hyperinsulinemia often precedes type 2 diabetes. Palmitoylation, implicated in exocytosis, is reversed by acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT1). APT1 biology was altered in pancreatic islets from humans with type 2 diabetes, and APT1 knockdown in nondiabetic islets caused insulin hypersecretion. APT1 knockout mice had islet autonomous increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that was associated with prolonged insulin granule fusion. Using palmitoylation proteomics, we identified Scamp1 as an APT1 substrate that localized to insulin secretory granules. Scamp1 knockdown caused insulin hypersecretion. Expression of a mutated Scamp1 incapable of being palmitoylated in APT1-deficient cells rescued insulin hypersecretion and nutrient-induced apoptosis. High-fat-fed islet-specific APT1-knockout mice and global APT1-deficient db/db mice showed increased β cell failure. These findings suggest that APT1 is regulated in human islets and that APT1 deficiency causes insulin hypersecretion leading to β cell failure, modeling the evolution of some forms of human type 2 diabetes.
摘要：
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most serious mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed, causing hepatocyte death. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the new cell death modalities that explain DON-induced hepatocyte toxicity. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent type of cell death. The aim of this study was to explore the role of ferroptosis in DON-exposed HepG2 cytotoxicity and the antagonistic effect of resveratrol (Res) on its toxicity, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. HepG2 cells were treated with Res (8μM) or/and DON (0.4μM) for 12h. We examined cell viability, cell proliferation, expression of ferroptosis-related genes, levels of lipid peroxidation and Fe(II). The results revealed that DON reduced the expression levels of GPX4, SLC7A11, GCLC, NQO1, and Nrf2 while promoting the expression of TFR1, GSH depletion, accumulation of MDA and total ROS. DON enhanced production of 4-HNE, lipid ROS and Fe(II) overload, resulting in ferroptosis. However, pretreatment with Res reversed these changes, attenuating DON-induced ferroptosis, improving cell viability and cell proliferation. Importantly, Res prevented Erastin and RSL3-induced ferroptosis, suggesting that Res exerted an anti-ferroptosis effect by activating SLC7A11-GSH-GPX4 signaling pathways. In summary, Res ameliorated DON-induced ferroptosis in HepG2 cells. This study provides a new perspective on the mechanism of DON-induced hepatotoxicity formation, and Res may be an effective drug to alleviate DON-induced hepatotoxicity.
通讯机构：
[Liu, XP ] W;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.
关键词：
brown rice kernels;bonding parameters;discrete element;bonded particle model;orthogonal test
摘要：
Aiming to resolve the practical problem of brown rice kernels being easily broken due to overprocessing during processing (milling and polishing), brown rice kernels of Japonica rice, after hulling, were used as the research object in this study. Firstly, through a texture meter test, the discrete element bonding parameters (K-n is normal stiffness per unit area, K-tau is tangential stiffness per unit area, C-n is critical normal stiffness, C-tau is critical shear stiffness) were obtained. Secondly, a brown rice kernels' bonding particle model was established by EDEM, and then a second orthogonal rotational combination test was carried out to calibrate the discrete bonding parameters, K-n = 4.43 x 10(12) N/m(3), K-tau = 6.13 x 10(11) N/m(3), C-n = 2.55 x 10(7) Pa, and C-tau = 7.92 x 10(7) Pa. The error of parameter calibration was within 5%, and the results were able to reflect the actual situation more realistically. Finally, analysis of the crushing process of brown rice kernels showed that their ability to withstand shear damage was not as great as their pressure-bearing capacity. The design of the relevant mechanism and the setting of parameters should be based on the critical shear stiffness of brown rice kernels, and the actual shear force F-tau* set during the processing should be smaller than the theoretical critical shear force F-tau (F-tau* < F-tau = 9.11 N). This study can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the key structure and operating parameters of rice milling machines and polishing machines to effectively solve the practical problem of increased crushing of brown rice kernels due to overprocessing.
