关键词：
Gansulinema gen. nov.;Komarkovaeasiopsis gen. nov.;cyanobacteria;polyphasic methods;taxonomy
摘要：
To increase the understanding of simple thin filamentous cyanobacteria in harsh environmental areas, we previously isolated and identified four strains (XN101, XN102, GS121, NX122) from desert soils and hot spring in China. As a result, two new Oculatellacean genera of these four strains, Gansulinema gen. nov. and Komarkovaeasiopsis gen. nov., are described based on a polyphasic approach. The ultrastructure of these strains showed a similar arrangement of peripheral thylakoids with three to four parallel layers, indicating that they belonged to the orders Nodosilineales, Oculatellales, or Leptolyngbyales. In the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, two sequences of the Gansulinema strains and the two sequences of the Komarkovaeasiopsis strains formed two independent and robust clusters, within the order Oculatellales. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains of Komarkovaeasiopsis and Gansulinema showed low identity to each other (≤93.2%) and to other sequences of the Oculatellacean genera (≤94.5% and ≤93.3%, respectively). Furthermore, the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer rRNA region secondary structures of strains of Komarkovaeasiopsis and Gansulinema were not consistent with all existing descriptions of Oculatellacean taxa. These data suggest that cyanobacterial communities are rich sources of new taxa in under-exploited areas, such as desert soils and hot spring in China.
通讯机构：
[Xu, X ] W;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.
关键词：
protein hydrolysate;black soldier fly larvae;schizochytrium;palatability;anti-inflammation;cats
摘要：
Protein hydrolysate has been a premium protein source in animal feed and is more easily absorbed in animal intestines compared with crude protein, which has a higher rate of pure protein and free amino acids with a high protein efficiency ratio. Previous studies have shown that black soldier fly larvae have been considered one of the most promising proteins for replacing fish meal, especially in the pet market. Recently, the synthesis and functional identification of protein hydrolysate from black soldier fly larvae (BSFP) have received a great deal of attention. In addition, schizochytrium is a marine microalga which has a high content of lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially an abundant docosahexaenoic (DHA) concentration. Previous research has demonstrated that schizochytrium is promisingly able to substitute for soybean and fish oil in feed and possesses some physiological functions. The objective of this research was to evaluate palatability, plasma biochemistry, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity, and immune levels in cats by feeding supplementing inclusion of different levels of a mixture of protein hydrolysate from black soldier fly larvae and schizochytrium (BSFPs) in diets. In the feed experiment, a total of 24 adult cats (12 females and 12 males; BW: 3.02 +/- 0.06 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) diet with chicken and fish meal as primary protein resource (CON); (2) diet with 5% BSFPs replacing chicken meal, fish meal, chicken oil, and fish oil (5% BSFPs); (3) 10% BSFPs; and (4) 15% BSFPs. The body weight and feed intake were recorded, and a blood sample was collected for analysis. In the palatability experiment, three diets containing 5%, 10%, and 15% BSFPs were evaluated by comparing with CON. These results suggested that different levels of BSFPs could improve palatability in cat diets by enhancing the first sniff, the first bite, and feed intake (p < 0.05). However, no significant influence existed in body weight and average daily feed intake (p > 0.05). In comparison to the CON group, 5% and 15% BSFPs significantly increased the total protein content, and all treatment groups decreased the triglyceride content and enhanced the calcium concentration in plasma; in addition, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and the content of creatinine and urea nitrogen were significantly reduced by the supplementation inclusion of BSFPs in the diets (p < 0.05). The enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase was dramatically enhanced by the supplementation of 10% and 15% BSFPs in diets compared with the CON diet, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was increased and the malondialdehyde concentration was remarkably reduced in all three treatments (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, different levels of BSFPs in the diets significantly increased the immunoglobulin A content in plasma; similarly, the immunoglobulin G concentration was significantly enhanced by the supplementation of 10% and 15% BSFPs in the diets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the interleukin-1 beta content was significantly reduced in the inclusion of 10% and 15% BSFPs in the diets, and 15% BSFPs remarkably decreased the content of interleukin-8 in plasma compared with the CON diet (p < 0.05). To sum up, the supplementation of different levels of BSFPs exhibited a positive effect on palatability and enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune capacity. Particularly, the addition levels of 10% and 15% BSFPs were more effective in antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunity.
摘要：
The present study was conducted to decipher the protection effects of ellagic acid (EA) on piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Thirty 7-day-old piglets were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control, PEDV, and EA + PEDV groups. After a 3-day period of adaption, piglets in the EA + PEDV group were orally administered with 20 mg/kg·BW EA during days 4-11 of the trial. On day 8, piglets were orally administered with PEDV at a dose of 10(6) TCID(50) (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. Additionally, intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-1) cells infected with PEDV were used to investigate the anti-PEDV effect of EA in vitro. The results showed that EA at a dose of 10-40 μmol/L increased the viability of PEDV-infected IPEC-1 cells, and EA administration mitigated intestinal edema in piglets challenged with PEDV. Further studies indicated that EA treatment significantly increased the proportion of white blood cells in blood and concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 in the serum, but decreased the TNF-α content and gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL2 in the jejunum. Moreover, EA intervention considerably elevated the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), but decreased the H(2)O(2) concentration in the ileum of piglets. Importantly, EA suppressed the increased expression of antiviral-related genes and proteins (including MXI, ISG15, HSP70, and p-IRF7) induced by PEDV challenge in the jejunum. Furthermore, PEDV infection increased the protein abundance of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3, which were further enhanced by EA supplementation. In conclusion, our results revealed that EA could promote the restoration of intestinal homeostasis by regulating the interferon pathway that was interrelated with the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. These findings provide theoretical basis for the use of EA as a therapy targeting PEDV infection in piglets.
作者机构：
[Zhang, Qi; Ge, Feng; Yang, Mingkun; Zhao, Jindong; Jia, Kun; Liu, Xin; Cao, Gaoxiang] Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Freshwater Ecol & Biotechnol, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Qi; Ge, Feng; Yang, Mingkun; Jia, Kun; Cao, Gaoxiang] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Adv Agr Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Xin] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Wuhan 430070, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, Jindong] Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, State Key Lab Prot & Plant Genet Engn, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Ge, F; Zhao, JD ] C;[Ge, F ] U;Chinese Acad Sci, State Key Lab Freshwater Ecol & Biotechnol, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Adv Agr Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.;Peking Univ, Coll Life Sci, State Key Lab Prot & Plant Genet Engn, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Lysine acetylation is a conserved regulatory posttranslational protein modification that is performed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). By catalyzing the transfer of acetyl groups to substrate proteins, KATs play critical regulatory roles in all domains of life; however, no KATs have yet been identified in cyanobacteria. Here, we tested all predicted KATs in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (Syn7002) and demonstrated that A1596, which we named cyanobacterial Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (cGNAT2), can catalyze lysine acetylation in vivo and in vitro. Eight amino acid residues were identified as the key residues in the putative active site of cGNAT2, as indicated by structural simulation and site-directed mutagenesis. The loss of cGNAT2 altered both growth and photosynthetic electron transport in Syn7002. In addition, quantitative analysis of the lysine acetylome identified 548 endogenous substrates of cGNAT2 in Syn7002. We further demonstrated that cGNAT2 can acetylate NAD(P)H dehydrogenase J (NdhJ) in vivo and in vitro, with the inability to acetylate K89 residues, thus decreasing NdhJ activity and affecting both growth and electron transport in Syn7002. In summary, this study identified a KAT in cyanobacteria and revealed that cGNAT2 regulates growth and photosynthesis in Syn7002 through an acetylation-mediated mechanism. The cyanobacterial Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase regulates the growth and photosynthesis of Synechococcus PCC 7002 through an acetylation-mediated mechanism.
摘要：
Selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC), a cruciferous plant, exerts excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, but its effect on hepatic function is unclear. This study investigated the effect and potential mechanism of SEC on hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Twenty-four weaned piglets were randomly allotted to treatment with SEC (0.3 mg/kgSe) and/or LPS (100 μg/kg). After 28 days of the trial, pigs were injected with LPS to induce hepatic injury. These results indicated that SEC supplementation attenuated LPS-induced hepatic morphological injury and reduced aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in plasma. SEC also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) after the LPS challenge. In addition, SEC improved hepatic antioxidant capacity via enhancing glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Moreover, SEC downregulated the mRNA expression of hepatic myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins 1 (NOD1) and its adaptor molecule receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2). SEC also alleviated LPS-induced hepatic necroptosis by inhibiting RIPK1, RIPK3, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) expression. These data suggest that SEC potentially mitigates LPS-induced hepatic injury via inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NOD2 and necroptosis signaling pathways in weaned piglets.
摘要：
Solid‐state fermentation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) meal. Summary Solid‐state fermentation (SSF) is widely used to improve the utility value in the food and feed industries. In the present research, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were used for SSF, and then, the nutritional values, anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs) and antioxidant activities of faba bean meal (FBM) were comparatively analysed. The results revealed that SSF with S. fibuligera and L. plantarum effectively reduce the tannin and phytic acid contents and improve the nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity in FBM. Meanwhile, the effects of SSF with L. plantarum on degrading tannin and increasing titratable acidity, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble protein and in vitro protein digestibility were better treated with S. fibuligera. However, antioxidant activities and the amount of phenol and flavonoid were improved more in FBM treated with S. fibuligera than those fermented with L. plantarum. Taken together, the results indicated that both L. plantarum and S. fibuligera could be used for SSF of FBM, and SSF with those two microorganisms has great potential in improving the nutritional values, antioxidant capacities and decreasing ANFs contents of FBM.
摘要：
Contamination with fumonisin B1 (FB1) represents a global health problem. FB1 exposure may also trigger intestinal injury by activating inflammatory responses, leading to a reduction in production performance and economic benefits. However, the mechanism of FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury is still unclear. At the same time, it is urgent to develop antibiotic alternatives and therapeutic targets to alleviate antibiotic resistance and to ensure effective treatment of intestinal inflammatory injury. We combined network pharmacology and in vitro experiments to explore the core therapeutic targets and potential mechanism of luteolin in FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury. Network pharmacology and molecular docking revealed that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1 beta are the important targets, and the NF-kappa B and ERK signalling pathways are critical in FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury. Besides, in vitro experiments further demonstrated that luteolin can inhibit FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury by inhibiting activation of the NF-kappa B and ERK signalling pathways and reducing the expression of IL-6 and IL-1 beta in IPEC-J2 cells. We have comprehensively illustrated the potential targets and molecular mechanism by which luteolin can alleviate FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury. Luteolin may be an effective antibiotic alternative to prevent intestinal inflammatory injury.
摘要：
Protein homeostasis is essential for cyanobacteria to maintain proper cellular function under adverse and fluctuating conditions. The AAA+ superfamily of proteolytic complexes in cyanobacteria plays a critical role in this process, including ClpXP, which comprises a hexameric ATPase ClpX and a tetradecameric peptidase ClpP. Despite the physiological effects of ClpX on growth and photosynthesis, its potential substrates and underlying mechanisms in cyanobacteria remain unknown. In this study, we employed a streptavidin-biotin affinity pull-down assay coupled with label-free proteome quantitation to analyze the interactome of ClpX in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter Synechocystis). We identified 503 proteins as potential ClpX-binding targets, many of which had novel interactions. These ClpX-binding targets were found to be involved in various biological processes, with particular enrichment in metabolic processes and photosynthesis. Using protein-protein docking, GST pull-down, and biolayer interferometry assays, we confirmed the direct association of ClpX with the photosynthetic proteins, ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR) and phycocyanin subunit (CpcA). Subsequent functional investigations revealed that ClpX participates in the maintenance of FNR homeostasis and functionality in Synechocystis grown under different light conditions. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the extensive functions regulated by ClpX in cyanobacteria to maintain protein homeostasis and adapt to environmental challenges.
关键词：
Baicalin;Glaesserella parasuis;Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry;Myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain;P2Y6;Pannexin 1;Phospholipase C-Protein kinase C
摘要：
Glaesserella parasuis can induce endothelial barrier damage in piglets, although the mechanism by which this pathogen triggers inflammatory damage remains unclear. Baicalin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. However, whether baicalin can relieve endothelial barrier damage caused by Glaesserella parasuis infection has not yet been studied. Hence, we evaluated the ability of baicalin to counteract the changes induced by Glaesserella parasuis in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The results showed that Glaesserella parasuis could upregulate the expression of pannexin 1 channel protein and promote the release of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The expression level of purinergic receptor P2Y6 was upregulated in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. In addition, Glaesserella parasuis could activate phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. Baicalin could inhibit pannexin 1 channel protein expression, reduce adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate release, and attenuate the expression level of P2Y6 in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis. Baicalin could also reduce the activation of phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. Our study report that Glaesserella parasuis could promote pannexin 1 channel protein expression, induce nucleosides substance release, and P2Y6 expression in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells and baicalin could inhibit the expression levels of pannexin 1, nucleosides substance, and P2Y6 in the porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis, which might be served as some targets for treatment of inflammation disease caused by Glaesserella parasuis.
摘要：
The effects of monolaurin (ML) on the health of piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate its role in blood biochemical profile, intestinal barrier function, antioxidant function and the expression of antiviral genes in piglets infected with PEDV. Thirty-two piglets were randomly divided into four groups: control group, ML group, PEDV group and ML + PEDV group. Piglets were orally administrated with ML at a dose of 100 mg/kg·BW for 7 d before PEDV infection. Results showed that PEDV infection significantly decreased D-xylose content and increased intestinal fatty acid-binding protein content, indicating that PEDV infection destroyed intestinal barrier and absorption function. While it could be repaired by ML administration. Moreover, ML administration significantly decreased plasma blood urea nitrogen and total protein content upon PEDV infection. These results suggested ML may increase protein utilisation efficiency. ML administration significantly decreased the number of large unstained cells and Hb and increased the number of leucocytes and eosinophils in the blood of PEDV-infected piglets, indicating ML could improve the immune defense function of the body. In the presence of PEDV infection, ML administration significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in blood and colon, respectively, indicating ML could improve antioxidant capacity. Besides, ML administration reversed the expression of ISG15, IFIT3 and IL-29 throughout the small intestine and Mx1 in jejunum and ileum, indicating the body was in recovery from PEDV infection. This study suggests that ML could be used as a kind of feed additive to promote swine health upon PEDV infection.
摘要：
The embryonic loss during early stage of gestation is one of the major causes of infertility for domestic ruminants, causing huge economic losses to pasture. Maternal recognition of pregnancy and implantation are the crucial process for determining the successful establishment and development of pregnancy in cattle. The research on molecular mechanisms of pregnancy recognition will facilitate illustrating the complex process of pregnancy establishment and help to improve pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEND) with or without IFNT and hormones intervention through RNA sequencing. We eventually identified 608 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 409 up-regulated genes and 199 down-regulated genes in IFNT and hormones-treated group compared with control group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis demonstrated that the majority of DEGs were implicated in immune system process, response to external stimulus, response to cytokine, regulation of response to stress. Results from KEGG analysis showed a significant enrichment of NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, necroptosis, oxidative phosphorylation, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Additionally, a set of promising candidate genes, including (USP18, STAT1, PSMB8, IFIH1, MX2, IFI44, DHX58, CASP8, DRAM1, CXCR4), were characterized by constructing an integrated interaction network. Specifically, the mRNA expression of HOXA11, PTGS1 and PTGS2 were remarkably suppressed by silencing DRAM1 under IFNT and hormone administration, thus speculating that DRAM1 might play a crucial role in early pregnancy by regulating endometrial function. The results of this study depicted a relatively comprehensive transcriptional profiles of BEND in response to IFNT and hormones, which contributes to a better understanding of gene interaction network and underlying regulatory mechanisms in endometrium of ruminants during early pregnancy.
摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in four kinds of fermented soybean-related products used as traditional Chinese food: fermented soybean (FS), fermented qianzhang (FQ), fermented bean curd (FB) and fermented okara (FO). A total of 203 samples, comprising FS (40 samples), FQ (60), FB (41) and FO (62), were collected from free markets of agricultural food, convenience stores and supermarkets in Hubei province, China from November 2021 to January 2022. The AFB1 contamination in samples was assessed using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Ninety-eight samples (48.3%) were AFB1-positive with a concentration range of 0.36-11.26 mu g/kg and a mean value of 2.2 mu g/kg. Among the four kinds of products, only FS was found to have some samples (n = 13) with AFB1 levels exceeding China's legal limit of 5 mu g/kg and it had the highest AFB1-positive percentage (97.5%). Moreover, the mean content of AFB1 in the FS samples was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the other three kinds of samples. Therefore, feasible measures are needed to continually monitor and strictly prevent the production of AFB1 in these products, especially FS, to reduce the health risk to consumers of AFB1 exposure.
期刊：
Journal of Hazardous Materials,2023年459:132262 ISSN：0304-3894
通讯作者：
Wang, X;Yang, XZ
作者机构：
[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Wang, Xinru; Hu, Siyi; Lu, Qirong; Yang, Yaqin] Huazhong Agr Univ, Natl Reference Lab Vet Drug Residues HZAU, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Wang, Xinru; Hu, Siyi; Lu, Qirong; Yang, Yaqin] Huazhong Agr Univ, MAO Key Lab Detect Vet Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Hu, Siyi; Lu, Qirong; Yang, Yaqin] Huazhong Agr Univ, MAO Lab Risk Assessment Qual & Safety Livestock &, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Yang, XZ; Yang, Xinzhou] South Cent Univ Nationalities, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Guo, Pu; Lu, Qirong] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Yang, XZ ] S;[Wang, X ] H;Huazhong Agr Univ, Natl Reference Lab Vet Drug Residues HZAU, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;Huazhong Agr Univ, MAO Key Lab Detect Vet Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;South Cent Univ Nationalities, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Agonist;BBB;Daucosterol;PGC-1α;T-2 toxin
摘要：
T-2 toxin is a common environmental pollutant and contaminant in food and animal feed that represents a great challenge to human and animal' health throughout the world. Using natural compounds to prevent the detrimental effects of T-2 toxin represents an attractive strategy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1 alpha) is a critical regulator in various cellular processes. Recently, PGC-1 alpha activation has been reported to confer protection against neurological injuries. We aimed to identify a potent PGC-1 alpha activator from plants as a chemopreventive compound and to demonstrate the efficacy of the compound in attenuating T-2 toxin-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) toxicity. We identified daucosterol, which binds directly to the 71-74 (-1100 to -1000 bp) position of the second promoter of human PGC-1 alpha by hydrogen bonding. An in vitro and in vivo T-2 toxin induced BBB injury model revealed that this compound can protect against this injury by increasing transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance, reducing sodium fluorescein (NaF) infiltration and increasing the expression of tight junction-related proteins (zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin (OCLN), claudin-5 (CLDN5)) expression. In conclusion, we identified daucosterol as representing a novel of PGC-1 alpha activators and illustrated the mechanism of specific binding site. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using natural compounds targeting PGC-1 alpha as a therapeutic approach to protect humans from environmental insults that may occur daily such as lipopolysaccharide.
摘要：
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in feed, which causes organ toxicity in animals. Therefore, reducing DON-induced organ toxicity can now be accomplished effectively using protective agents. This review provides an overview of multiple studies on a wide range of protective agents and their molecular mechanisms against DON organ toxicity. Protective agents include plant extracts, yeast products, bacteria, peptides, enzymes, H2, oligosaccharides, amino acids, adsorbents, vitamins and selenium. Among these, biological detoxification of DON using microorganisms to reduce the toxicity of DON without affecting the growth performance of pigs may be the most promising detoxification strategy. This paper also evaluates future developments related to DON detoxification and discusses the detoxification role and application potential of protective agents. This paper provides new perspectives for future research and development of safe and effective feed additives.
摘要：
Recent research has emphasized the significance of investigating the interplay between organelles, with endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria contact sites (ERMCSs) being recognized as critical signaling hubs between organelles. The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) on jejunal mitochondria, ER, and ERMCSs. Twelve piglets (35 d, 10.22 ± 0.35 kg) were randomized into two groups: control group, basal diet; the DON group, basal diet + 1.5 mg/kg DON. The findings revealed that DON decreased growth performance, induced jejunal oxidative stress, and impaired jejunal barrier function. DON was also found to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the piglets' jejunum, and activate mitochondrial and ER apoptosis pathways by upregulating apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-8, Caspase-12, Bax, and CHOP). To investigate the involvement of ERMCSs in DON-induced intestinal injury, we measured the protein levels of ERMCS proteins, such as mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) and Pearson's correlation coefficient of ERMCS proteins and ERMCS ultrastructure. Our finding showed that DON upregulated the protein level of Mfn2 and GRP75 and increased the percentage of mitochondria with ERMCSs/total mitochondria, the length of ERMCSs compared to the perimeter of mitochondria, and the Pearson's correlation coefficient of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 (VDAC1) and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) in piglets' jejunum. Furthermore, DON shortened the distance between mitochondria and ER at ERMCSs. These findings suggested that DON impaired mitochondrial function, triggered ERS, and increased ERMCSs, indicating that the increased ERMCSs could be related to mitochondrial dysfunction and ERS involved in the intestinal injury of piglets induced by DON.
通讯机构：
[Ying Ren] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
amaranth hay;growth stage;in vivo digestibility;goat
摘要：
Simple Summary At present, studies on the rumen degradation characteristics of amaranth hay at different growth stages are limited. In the current study, four growth stages (squaring stage (SS), initial bloom stage (IS), full-bloom stage (FS) and mature stage (MS)) were selected. The chemical composition and rumen degradation characteristics of amaranth hay at four stages were studied in detail. Among the four stages, IS was superior in terms of chemical composition and rumen degradability characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of grain amaranth hay (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) at four different growth stages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of grain amaranth hay at different growth stages by chemical composition, in vivo digestibility, and in situ degradability. Three Boer goats with permanent ruminal fistulas were selected in this study. Amaranthus hay at four different growth stages (squaring stage (SS), initial bloom stage (IS), full-bloom stage (FS) and mature stage (MS)) was crushed and placed into nylon bags. Each sample was set up with three replicates, and two parallel samples were set up in fistulas at each time point. The rumen degradation rates of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were determined at 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The results were as follows: (1) The concentration of CP in SS was the highest and was significantly higher than that in other stages (p < 0.05), whereas the contents of NDF and ADF gradually increased with the extension of the growing period and reached a maximum in MS; (2)The degradation of CP in the rumen at 72 h of SS and IS was more than 80%. Compared with other stages, the effective degradability of CP was highest in SS (p < 0.05) and reached 87.05% at 72 h, and the degradation rate was the lowest in MS; and (3) The effective degradability of NDF in IS was the highest (p < 0.05) and reached 69.326% at 72 h. The effective degradability of ADF in MS was the highest (p < 0.05) and reached 65.728% at 72 h. The effective degradability of DM and CP in SS was the highest. In conclusion, among the four stages, IS was superior in chemical composition and rumen degradability characteristics.
摘要：
Aim: Inflammation and apoptosis are main pathological processes that lead to the development of hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN). This study aims to explore whether baicalin (BA) and baicalein (BAI) can relieve the damage through PI3K/AKT/NF-kappa B signal pathway and provide more reliable and precise evidence for the treatment of HN. Methods: HN mice were induced by yeast extract with potassium oxonate (PO), and HK-2 cells were induced by monosodium urate (MSU). Molecular docking, western blot, q-PCR, and other methods were used to explore the changes of various indicators in HN mice and HK-2 cells. Results: Molecular docking results showed that BA and BAI had good binding ability with PI3K, AKT, p65 and I kappa B alpha. BA and BAI significantly ameliorated the levels of renal function, decreased the p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-p65 expression, down-regulated the BAX/BCL2 and CASP3, and blunted the mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-18 in both renal tissue of HN mice and HK-2 cells induced by MSU. BA and BAI also decreased the oxidative stress level of MSU-induced HK-2 cells. Conclusion: BA and BAI were confirmed to attenuate HN through alleviating renal inflammatory and apoptosis in cells and tissues by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-kappa B pathway. BA and BAI were expected to be developed as new anti-HN drugs. Summary at a glance Baicalin and baicalein were confirmed to attenuate hyperuricemic nephropathy through alleviating renal inflammatory and apoptosis in cells and tissues by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-kappa B pathway.
通讯机构：
[Hongsen Xu] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
摘要：
This study investigated the effects of dietary chitosan on growth, antioxidant, immunity, intestinal morphology and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii female x Acipenser schrenckii male). Sturgeons (18.18 +/- 0.08 g) were randomly divided into four groups, fed with chitosan-supplemented diets for 8 weeks and then infected with A. hydrophila. The results showed significant differences of body weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio in sturgeon fed chitosan and control diets. The oral administration of chitosan significantly increased the acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, su-peroxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, as well as the complement 3 and 4 contents and disease resistance against A. hydrophila. Moreover, enhancement of muscular thickness and goblet cells in mid intestine and increase of muscular thickness and villus height in spiral valve were observed in the chitosan supplemented groups. In addition, dietary chitosan-supplemented diets mitigated the changes of antioxidant and immune activity induced by A. hydrophila challenge, as well as prevented fish from bacterial invasion. The optimal dose was 3.00 g chitosan/kg diet for hybrid sturgeon.
