作者：
Bedford, Andrea;Yu, Hai;Hernandez, Marta;Squires, E. James;Leeson, Steven;...
期刊：
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE,2017年98(1):98-108 ISSN：0008-3984
通讯作者：
Gong, Joshua
作者机构：
[Bedford, Andrea; Gong, Joshua; Hernandez, Marta; Yu, Hai] Agr & Agri Food Canada, Guelph Res & Dev Ctr, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.;[Squires, E. James; Leeson, Steven] Univ Guelph, Dept Anim Biosci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.;[Hou, Yongqing] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Gong, Joshua] A;Agr & Agri Food Canada, Guelph Res & Dev Ctr, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
关键词：
abdominal fat;breast muscle;broiler strain;gras abdominal;lipid metabolism;métabolisme des lipides;muscle de la poitrine;souche de poulet à griller;tributyrin;tributyrine
摘要：
Tributyrin is a butyrate glyceride, shown to have positive effects on broiler performance. This study investigated the differences in growth performance between Ross 308 and Ross 708 birds, and compared how each strain responds to tributyrin supplementation. Two-hundred-and-forty-day-old Ross 308 and 240-d-old Ross 708 chicks were divided and fed a basal diet, or diets supplemented with low or high levels of tributyrin for 35 d. Neither strain nor tributyrin supplementation had an effect on average daily gain or feed:gain (P > 0.05). All Ross 708 birds had significantly decreased relative abdominal fat weight at 3 and 5 wk of age compared with Ross 308 birds of the same treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Tributyrin supplementation only decreased relative abdominal fat weight compared with controls in Ross 708 birds at 5 wk of age (P ≤ 0.05). Ross 708 control birds had significantly higher breast muscle fat deposition than Ross 308 controls (P ≤ 0.05), and tributyrin lowered this deposition in both strains (P ≤ 0.05). Significant differences in hepatic expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism were observed between strains, and with tributyrin supplementation (P ≤ 0.05). These results support the modulation of lipid metabolism by tributyrin, and show different broiler strains responded uniquely to tributyrin supplementation.
摘要：
Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the role of peptides in animal nutrition. Chemical, enzymatic, or microbial hydrolysis of proteins in animal by-products or plant-source feedstuffs before feeding is an attractive means of generating high-quality small or large peptides that have both nutritional and physiological or regulatory functions in livestock, poultry and fish. These peptides may also be formed from ingested proteins in the gastrointestinal tract, but the types of resultant peptides can vary greatly with the physiological conditions of the animals and the composition of the diets. In the small intestine, large peptides are hydrolyzed to small peptides, which are absorbed into enterocytes faster than free amino acids (AAs) to provide a more balanced pattern of AAs in the blood circulation. Some peptides of plant or animal sources also have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and immunomodulatory activities. Those peptides which confer biological functions beyond their nutritional value are called bioactive peptides. They are usually 2–20 AA residues in length but may consist of >20 AA residues. Inclusion of some (e.g. 2–8%) animal-protein hydrolysates (e.g., porcine intestine, porcine mucosa, salmon viscera, or poultry tissue hydrolysates) or soybean protein hydrolysates in practical corn- and soybean meal-based diets can ensure desirable rates of growth performance and feed efficiency in weanling pigs, young calves, post-hatching poultry, and fish. Thus, protein hydrolysates hold promise in optimizing the nutrition of domestic and companion animals, as well as their health (particularly gut health) and well-being.
关键词：
Cherry Valley duck;anti-oxidative capacity;energy status;alpha-ketoglutarate
摘要：
α-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is an extensively used dietary supplement in human and animal nutrition. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of dietary AKG supplementation on the energy status and anti-oxidative capacity in liver and intestinal mucosa of Cherry Valley ducks. A total of 80 1-day-old ducks were randomly assigned into four groups, in which ducks were fed basal diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% AKG, respectively. Graded doses of AKG supplementation linearly decreased the ratio of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver, but increased ATP content and adenylate energy charge (AEC) in a quadratic and linear manner, respectively (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary AKG supplemental levels produced linear positive responses in ATP content and AEC, and negative responses in AMP concentration, the ratio of AMP to ATP and total adenine nucleotide in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). All levels of dietary AKG reduced the production of jejunal hydrogen peroxide and hepatic malondialdehyde (P < 0.05). Hepatic and ileal messenger RNA expression of AMP kinase α-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α were linearly up-regulated as dietary AKG supplemental levels increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary AKG supplementation linearly or quadratically enhanced hepatic and intestinal energy storage and anti-oxidative capacity of Cherry Valley ducks.
期刊：
Advances in Nutrition,2017年8(1):137-139 ISSN：2161-8313
通讯作者：
Wu, G.
作者机构：
[Hou, Yongqing] Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China;[Wu, Guoyao] Departments of Animal Science and Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX g-wu@tamu.edu
通讯机构：
Departments of Animal Science and Medical Physiology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, United States
摘要：
Amino acids (AAs)3 are organic compounds that contain amino and acid groups (1). Based on the configuration of glyceraldehyde (l- or d-isomers as introduced by Emil Fischer in 1908), AAs (except for Gly, taurine, β-alanine, and γ-aminobutyrate, which have no asymmetric carbon) exist as either l- or d-AAs. l-AAs are much more abundant than d-AAs in nature and are the physiologic isomers in animal and plant proteins. The AAs whose carbon skeletons are not synthesized de novo by animal cells were termed “nutritionally essential” AAs (EAAs) in 1912 and must be provided to animals to maintain their growth or nitrogen balance (2). In all animals, the EAAs consist of His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val (3). In contrast, AAs whose carbon skeletons are synthesized de novo by animal cells were considered to be dispensable in diets and were classified as “nutritionally nonessential” AAs (NEAAs) (2). In most mammals (e.g., humans, rats, and pigs), the traditionally classified NEAAs are Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gln, Gly, Pro, Ser, and Tyr (3). The concepts of EAAs and NEAAs have been used for more than a century. Increasing evidence from studies in pigs, poultry, and fish has shown that animals do have dietary requirements of NEAAs to fulfill their genetic potential for maximum growth, reproduction, lactation, and production performance, as well as optimal health and well-being (4, 5).
摘要：
Animal models are needed to study and understand a human complex disease. Because of their similarities in anatomy, structure, physiology, and pathophysiology, the pig has proven its usefulness in studying human gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diarrhea, and cancer. To understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, a number of experimental models generated in pigs are available, for example, through surgical manipulation, chemical induction, microbial infection, and genetic engineering. Our interests have been using amino acids as therapeutics in pig and human disease models. Amino acids not only play an important role in protein biosynthesis, but also exert significant physiological effects in regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, redox regulation, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and animal behavior. Recent studies in pigs have shown that specific dietary amino acids can improve intestinal integrity and function under normal and pathological conditions that protect the host from different diseases. In this review, we summarize several pig models in intestinal diseases and how amino acids can be used as therapeutics in treating pig and human diseases.
摘要：
本试验旨在研究L-亮氨酸（Leu）对猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染幼龄仔猪血液指标和空肠免疫相关基因m RNA表达量的影响,探索Leu对PEDV感染仔猪应激的缓解作用。选用30头体重相近的7日龄PEDV阴性仔猪,随机分为3个处理组：对照组、PEDV组和PEDV＋Leu组,每个处理10个重复,每个重复一头猪。试验期10 d（7日龄~16日龄）。从第0天开始对PEDV＋Leu组按2.8 g/kg体重饲喂Leu,而对照组和PEDV组均按4.1 g/kg体重饲喂L-丙氨酸。第7天早上对PEDV组和PEDV＋Leu组采用口服的方式接种106.5TCID50的PEDV,同时对照组采用口服的方式接种等剂量的生理盐水,3 d后（16日龄）取血液和肠道样品。结果表明：与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪血液中总胆红素（TBIL）水平、血小板分布宽度（PDW）及空肠黏膜CXCL11、REG3G m RNA表达量分别降低了20.92%、9.76%、56.00%、36.00%（P〈0.05）,血液中白细胞（WBC）和淋巴细胞（LYM）数量、磷酸丝氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸浓度,及空肠粘膜GSTO2和HSPH1 m RNA水平分别提高了61.68%、27.66%、30.39%、50.54%、64.00%、75.00%、89.00%（P〈0.05）;与PEDV组相比,PEDV＋Leu组仔猪血液中组氨酸、天冬酰胺、尿素氮（BUN）浓度分别升高了55.43%、32.58%、83.33%（P〈0.05）,而二胺氧化酶（DAO）含量、单核细胞（MONO）、单核细胞比（Monocyte Ratio,MONOR）、磷酸丝氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸、苏氨酸及空肠黏膜MX1和GSTO2 m RNA水平分别降低了28.80%、47.13%、43.87%、10.53%、42.12%、29.48%、29.82%、33.50%、32.11%、28.00%（P〈0.05）。因此,日粮中添加Leu提高了PEDV感染仔猪的免疫功能,缓解了PEDV感染仔猪的应激。
摘要：
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of the glutamate (Glu) on muscle protein loss through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (NODs), Akt/Forkhead Box O (Akt/FOXO) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in LPS-challenged piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets were assigned into four treatments: (1) Control; (2) LPS+0% Glu; (3) LPS+1.0% Glu; (4) LPS+2.0% Glu. The experiment was lasted for 28 days. On d 28, the piglets in the LPS challenged groups were injected with LPS on 100 mu g/kg body weight (BW), and the piglets in the control group were injected with the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution. After 4 h LPS or saline injection, the piglets were slaughtered and the muscle samples were collected. Glu supplementation increased the protein/DNA ratio in gastrocnemius muscle, and the protein content in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle after LPS challenge (P < 0.05). In addition, Glu supplementation decreased TLR4, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 1, receptor-interacting serine/threonine- protein kinase (RIPK) 2, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) mRNA expression in gastrocnemius muscle (P < 0.05), MyD88 mRNA expression in LD muscle, and FOXO1 mRNA expression in LD muscle (P < 0.05). Moreover, Glu supplementation increased p-Akt/t-Akt ratio (P < 0.05) in gastrocnemius muscle, and p-4EBP1/t-4EBP1 ratio in both gastrocnemius and LD muscles (P < 0.05). Glu supplementation in the piglets' diets might be an effective strategy to alleviate LPS-induced muscle protein loss, which might be due to suppressing the mRNA expression of TLR4 and NODs signaling-related genes, and modulating Akt/ FOXO and mTOR signaling pathways.
摘要：
Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, a severe membrane inflammation disorder. Previously we showed that Baicalin (BA) possesses anti-inflammatory effects via the NLRP3 inflammatory pathway in an LPS-challenged piglet model. However, whether BA has anti-inflammatory effects upon H. parasuis infection is still unclear. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of BA on H. parasuis-induced inflammatory responses via the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in piglet mononuclear phagocytes (PMNP). Our data demonstrate that PMNP, when infected with H. parasuis, induced ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, promoted apoptosis, and initiated transcription expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, PGE2, COX-2 and TNF-α via the NF-κB signaling pathway, and IL-1β and IL-18 via the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. Moreover, when BA was administrated, we observed a reduction in ROS production, suppression of apoptosis, and inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in PMNP treated with H. parasuis. To our best knowledge, this is the first example that uses piglet primary immune cells for an H. parasuis infection study. Our data strongly suggest that BA can reverse the inflammatory effect initiated by H. parasuis and possesses significant immunosuppression activity, which represents a promising therapeutic agent in the treatment of H. parasuis infection.
摘要：
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, has been reported to promote protein synthesis through activating mechanistic targeting of rapamycin (mTOR) in enterocytes. The study tested the hypothesis that AKG may enhance growth and milk protein synthesis in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs). PMECs were cultured for 96 h in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s-F12 Ham medium (DMEM-F12) containing prolactin (2 µg/ml) and AKG (0 or 1.5 mM). At the end of 96-h culture, the abundance of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-3, caspase-9), milk-specific proteins (α-lactalbumin and β-casein), mTOR signaling proteins (mTOR, p-mTOR, PERK, p-PERK, eIF2a, P70S6K and p-P70S6K), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-associated proteins (BiP and CHOP) in PMEC were determined. Addition of AKG dose-dependently enhanced cell viability in the absence or presence of prolactin, with optimal concentrations of AKG being at 1.0 and 1.5 mM, respectively. In the presence of prolactin, addition of 1.5 mM AKG: (1) decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of caspase-3 and caspase-9 by 21 and 39 %; (2) enhanced (P < 0.05) the phosphorylation of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K by 39 and 89 %, respectively; (3) increased (P < 0.05) the production of β-casein and α-lactalbumin by 16 and 20 %, respectively; (4) attenuated (P < 0.05) the expression of CHOP by 34 % but promoted (P < 0.05) the expression of BiP by 46 %; (5) increased (P < 0.05) the secretion of lactose by 15 %, when compared to the 0 mM AKG group. Rapamycin (50 nM; an inhibitor of mTOR) attenuated (P < 0.05) the stimulatory effect of AKG on mTOR signaling and syntheses of milk protein and lactose, while relieving (P < 0.05) an inhibitory effect of AKG on expression of proteins related to ERS. Collectively, our results indicate that AKG enhances milk protein production by modulating mTOR and ERS signaling pathways in PMECs.
摘要：
The brush-border membrane (BBM) of enterocytes is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients and ions in the small intestine. To identify the BBM proteins involved in epithelial cell maturation along the crypt-villus axis, enterocytes were sequentially isolated from the villus tip to the crypt of the jejunum from 21-day-old suckling piglets. After preparation of BBM vesicles, we detected 194 proteins in the jejunal epithelial cells by isobaric tags using relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) techniques. Of these, 56 BBM proteins were differentially expressed along the crypt-villus axis. During differentiation, the expression of proteins related to digestion and absorption of nutrients was primarily downregulated at the upper, middle villus, or crypt compared to the villus tip, while expression of proteins related to structural and enzyme regulator proteins was largely upregulated. We verified the differences in Na+/K+-transporting ATPase, galectin-3, and an intestinal-type fatty acid binding protein by western blot or immunochemical analysis. Identification of BBM-associated proteins helps enhance our understanding of digestion and absorption in piglets and other mammals, including humans.
