In this paper, we firstly identify the effects that trade uncertainty has on the composition of energy consumption using global panel data over the period 1990–2019. Trade uncertainty is innovatively constructed based on non-gravity trade, which has much more volatility than gravity trade, and non-gravity trade, is estimated from the unforecastable component of linear estimation in a gravity model, not being determined by economic fundamentals. Our results show that different types of energy consumption demonstrate heterogeneous responses to t...
