There are numerous tunnels worldwide that cross active fault zones. These tunnels are situated in complex geological environments and are subjected to intense seismic activities. When active fault zones experience displacement, tunnels are susceptible to varying degrees of damage. Over the past few decades, many scholars have researched tunnels crossing active fault zones using numerical simulation methods, including finite element analysis, discrete element analysis, and finite difference methods. However, certain aspects have been overlooked, such as the influence of burial depth on tunnels ...
