Currently, the effects of roasting methods on the flavor profile of peeled walnut kernels (PWKs) remain unknown. The effects of hot air binding (HAHA), radio frequency (HARF), and microwave irradiation (HAMW) on PWK were evaluated using olfactory, sensory, and textural techniques. Solvent Assisted Flavor Evaporation-Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (SAFE-GC-O) identified 21 odor-active compounds with total concentrations of 229μg/kg, 273μg/kg and 499μg/kg due to HAHA, HARF, and HAMW, respectively. HAMW exhibited the most prominent nutty taste...