This paper proposes an improved Harris Hawks Optimization (IHHO) algorithm to enhance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance in photovoltaic (PV) systems operating under various conditions. The IHHO introduces Tent chaotic mapping to improve population diversity and avoid premature convergence, a nonlinear decreasing inertia weight to dynamically balance exploration and exploitation, and a hybrid perturbation mechanism based on differential evolution to enhance local refinement. Additionally, a dynamic step-size adjustment and an escape energy mechanism responsive to irradiance change...
