This study analyzed eight origins of water caltrop: HH; XG; XT; ST; JY; CZ; YN; JX. The evaluations focused on visual appearance, nutritional quality, and bioactive substances. Additionally, the shells and pulp of the JY were examined for the same parameters. The results demonstrated that the JY exhibited the highest total phenolic content (121.74 mg GAE/100 g) and total flavonoid content (196.67 mg GAE/100 g). The XG demonstrated the highest water content (87.35%) and soluble protein content (15.36 mg/g). JX exhibits the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the strongest D...
