To investigate the dynamic changes in flavor characteristics of lotus root whole powder (LRWP) during combined hot-air drying and baking, and the effect of lysine supplementation before baking, volatile compounds and chemical constituents of samples representing different processing stages (raw, hot-air dried, hot-air dried and baked, and hot-air dried with lysine addition and baked) were analyzed using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, electronic nose ( E -nose), gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), and ultra-performance liquid...