The first generation of Frankfurt School thinkers, such as Horkheimer, Adorno and Marcuse state that we should devel- op a new rationality to replace the single instrumental rationality so as to realize the human and social liberation. Horkheimer and Adoruo think that art is the last refuge to escape the instrumental rationality and the materialization , the light of modernity re- demption comes to the world only through art experience. Marcuse thinks the instrumental rationality results in a positive way of thinking and the one-dimensional soc...
