作者机构：
[Moores, A. P.] Departments of Veterinary Clinical Science and Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK. amoores@rvc.ac.uk
通讯机构：
Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
期刊：
Information Sciences,2006年176(3):321-331 ISSN：0020-0255
通讯作者：
Lin, Y
作者机构：
[Lin, Y] Slippery Rock Univ, Dept Math, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA.;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Dept Math & Phys, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Control Sci & Engn, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Lin, Y] S;Slippery Rock Univ, Dept Math, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 USA.
关键词：
Commutative isotonic semi-ring;Differential equation;Semigroup;The structure of pan-operation
摘要：
Based on the structure of general pan-multiplication operators and the theory of first order linear partial differential equations, we study the structure of pan-addition operators with pre-determined pan-multiplication operators. At first, we describe the structure of pan-addition operators under the ordinary multiplication. Then, with this structure in place, we derive the general representation for the structure of pan-addition operators.
摘要：
A simple and rapid method is described for the direct multielement analysis of amber by electrothermal vaporization (ETV) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and using slurry sampling. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used as the chemical modifier to improve analyte release from the matrix and to match the vaporization behavior of the analytes from the matrix and from the aqueous standard solution for calibration. The fluorination vaporization processes and the influence factors for this method (such as particle size, vaporization temperature, ashing temperature, matrix effect and PTFE content) were investigated in detail. Under optimum operating conditions, detection limits (DL) between 1.3 ng mL(-1) (Cu) and 131 ng mL(-1) (Zn) were achieved and precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was better than 9%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the direct determination of trace V, Cu, AL Zn, Cd, and Pb in amber using aqueous calibration and minimum chemical pretreatment. The determined values were in good agreement with those obtained by pneumatic nebulization (PN) ICP-AES after decomposition of the same sample by dry ashing. Analysis of the standard reference material, Poplar Leaves GBW 07604, confirmed the reliability of this approach.
作者机构：
[Gonzalez-Esquerra, R.] Novus Int Inc, St Louis, MO 63141 USA.;[Song, G. L.] Novus Int Shanghai Trading Co Ltd, Shanghai, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Y. L.; Huo, Y. Q.] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Wuhan, Peoples R China.
期刊：
Journal of Public Health Policy,2005年26(2):231-245 ISSN：0197-5897
通讯作者：
Sorum, PC
作者机构：
[Sorum, PC] Latham Med Ped, Latham, NY 12110 USA.;[Sorum, PC] Albany Med Coll, Dept Med;[Sorum, PC] Latham Med Ped, 724 Watervliet Shaker Rd, Latham, NY 12110 USA.
通讯机构：
[Sorum, PC] L;Latham Med Ped, 724 Watervliet Shaker Rd, Latham, NY 12110 USA.
关键词：
France;Health care financing;Health care systems;Health insurance;Health reforms;Physicians' unions
摘要：
France has provided universal health care through employment-based health insurance funds. As its governments have increasingly used tax revenues to supplement payroll levies, they have assumed a larger role. Faced with widening deficits in the funds' accounts, the National Assembly adopted in August 2004 legislation designed to decrease health expenses, increase revenues to the funds, and improve quality of care. The apparent impacts of the so-called Douste-Blazy law are to reaffirm social solidarity and equality of access; to reinforce central control rather than relying more on decentralized and market forces; to give the now-unified funds a stronger director, shielded not only from labor and business but also, possibly, from the central government; to allow French private physicians to retain their unrivaled freedom of prescription; and to continue France's reliance on taxes as well as payroll levies to finance its health care.
摘要：
Multivariate techniques were used to compare and contrast the effects of land cover and farming practice on ground beetle and spider assemblages of Scottish farmland. For both ground beetles and spiders, the ordination and fuzzy clustering of sites were related to land cover rather than geographical location or year of sampling. The same four types of land cover group were identified: that is, heather moorland, semi-natural grassland, intensive grassland and arable land. The robustness of these land cover groups was tested using previously unsampled sites and it was found that 79 and 86% of sites, for ground beetle and spider assemblages respectively, were allocated to the land cover group predicted from their actual land cover. Furthermore, procrustes rotational analysis found a strong relationship between ground beetle and spider assemblages in intensively managed sites, suggesting that the assemblage structure of one group could be used to predict that of the other. The observed relationship between spider and ground beetle assemblages does not necessarily indicate that both groups were responding to agricultural practices in the same way. Indeed, the highest number of beetle species occurred in intensively managed grassland and arable sites while the highest number of spider species occurred in semi-natural grassland and heather sites. When conducting ecological assessments, one might wish to collect information on a wide range of ecologically different taxa; however, financial constraints make this unfeasible. From the results it could be concluded that spiders should be chosen in preference to ground beetles when seeking to make predictions on how farming practices influence invertebrates. However, such a conclusion would be premature since not only were spiders more numerous in the traps, but they were also more time consuming to process. In addition, the strong relationship found between the spider and ground beetle assemblages further justifies carabids as a target group when monitoring the influence of farming practices on biodiversity.
摘要：
Through the differentiating and integrating process, a mathematical model for tempering time effect on quenched steel was derived based on the attribute of state function and the general equation of Hollomon parameter, which correlates the tempering hardness with the tempering time at different tempering temperature. Using the established model, the linear relationship between the tempering hardness and the tempering time in logarithm was proved theoretically, and the tempering hardness for various tempering time was reduced to the measurement and calculation of a hardness experiment tempered for 1 h at different tempering temperatures. Moreover, the hardness of steel 42CrMo and T8Mn tempered for various times at 200 similar to 600 similar to C was calculated using this method. The predicted results are in good agreement with those of the available experiments.
摘要：
A new process for the preparation of soybean protein concentrate (SPC) by directly extracting full-fat soy flour with a mixture of hexane and aqueous ethanol was established. Compared with conventional methods, it has some advantages, such as saving energy and reducing protein denaturation caused by heat action during solvent recovery, because this process saves one step of solvent recovery. The effects of aqueous ethanol concentration and the mixure ratio (hexane to ethanol) on the degree of protein denaturation and product quality were investigated, on the basis of which the orthogonal tests were performed. The optimum technical parameters were obtained by analyzing the results of the orthogonal tests with statistical methods. We found that SPC can be obtained by extracting full-fat soy flour under the following conditions: mixture ratio hexane: 90% ethanol, 9:1, v/v; extraction temperature, 45°C; ratio of solid to solvents, (1:2 w/v); and 5 repeated extractions (15 min each time). The results of quality analysis showed that solubility of the product was improved significantly [nitrogen solubility index (NSI) 46.6%] compared with that for ethanol washing of protein concentrate (NSI 8.7%).
摘要：
A novel method for the determination of trace rare earth impurities in ZrO2 powder has been developed based on electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. A polytetrafluoroethylene slurry was used as a fluorinating reagent to convert both the matrix (Zr) and the analytes (rare earth elements) into fluorides with different volatilities at a high temperature in a graphite furnace. The more volatile ZrF4 was removed in-situ by selective vaporization prior to the determination of the analytes, removing matrix spectral interferences. Under optimum operating conditions, the absolute detection limits of the analytes varied from 0.04 ng (Yb) to 0.50 ng (Pr) with relative standard deviations less than 5%. The recommended approach has been successfully applied to the determination of trace rare earth impurities (La, Pr, Eu, Gd, Ho and Yb) in ZrO2 powder and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by pneumatic nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after the separation of the matrix using a solvent extraction procedure.
摘要：
A previously proposed explanation for the change in gluten properties on addition of pentosans to doughs was based on data for only one wheat cultivar. Using three wheat cultivars, Scipion, Soissons and Amazon, differing in technological quality from weak to strong we have obtained results that support the previous explanation. In addition to standard techniques for characterizing gluten and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) yield, composition and properties, a new technique (particle size analysis) was applied that provides further detail on GMP particle size distribution. For each of the three wheat cultivars the effect of WUS and xylanase on gluten and GMP yield, composition and properties followed the trend previously observed. However, WUS and xylanase affected gluten yield and propel-ties more strongly for Scipion and Soissons than for Amazon. Amazon flour contains more protein and less pentosans. The analysis of GMP particles demonstrates that the volume surface average particle diameter D-3,D-2 of GMP particles from Amazon wheat is larger than those from Scipion and Soissons. Amazon has the ability to form larger and stickier particles. These factors may explain why the effects of pentosans and xylanase on gluten yield and properties are smaller for this wheat. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
