摘要：
Why do workers stay in offices past legal hours while companies face minimal consequences? We examine this enforcement paradox through China's circuit court reform—a natural experiment spanning 2012-2022 that reveals when judicial independence transforms corporate behavior. Using NASA satellite nighttime light data to track illegal overtime combined with difference-in-differences estimation, we find circuit court establishment significantly reduces corporate labor violations. The effects concentrate among private enterprises, human capital-intensive firms, and competitive industries. Counterintuitively, the strongest compliance improvements occur in regions with historically weak rule of law, suggesting judicial reform creates deterrent effects precisely where enforcement was previously most deficient. These findings challenge conventional assumptions about regulatory effectiveness by demonstrating that judicial reforms create heterogeneous compliance responses across firm types. The results contribute to corporate governance literature by revealing how legal enforcement improvements differentially constrain corporate behavior depending on ownership structure and competitive environment, with significant implications for regulatory design in emerging markets where institutional quality varies substantially across regions.
Why do workers stay in offices past legal hours while companies face minimal consequences? We examine this enforcement paradox through China's circuit court reform—a natural experiment spanning 2012-2022 that reveals when judicial independence transforms corporate behavior. Using NASA satellite nighttime light data to track illegal overtime combined with difference-in-differences estimation, we find circuit court establishment significantly reduces corporate labor violations. The effects concentrate among private enterprises, human capital-intensive firms, and competitive industries. Counterintuitively, the strongest compliance improvements occur in regions with historically weak rule of law, suggesting judicial reform creates deterrent effects precisely where enforcement was previously most deficient. These findings challenge conventional assumptions about regulatory effectiveness by demonstrating that judicial reforms create heterogeneous compliance responses across firm types. The results contribute to corporate governance literature by revealing how legal enforcement improvements differentially constrain corporate behavior depending on ownership structure and competitive environment, with significant implications for regulatory design in emerging markets where institutional quality varies substantially across regions.
摘要：
The early encounters between Buddhism and Christianity in China were primarily characterized by mutual exclusivity and competition. By the Republic of China era, both traditions faced mounting pressures-Buddhism under the impact of modernization, and Christianity in its efforts toward indigenization-which prompted a shift toward inclusive engagement and mutual learning. However, their interactions often remained limited to superficial formalities due to an instrumental approach that treated the other as a means to an end. During the early modern period, some pioneering thinkers began exploring core doctrines from a pluralistic perspective: Zhang Chunyi's concept of "Buddhicized Christianity" sought to deconstruct essentialist views using the Buddhist wisdom of & sacute;& umacr;nyat & amacr; (emptiness), offering an Eastern philosophical pathway for religious dialogue. Xu Dishan, on the other hand, employed the literature as a medium to transcend doctrinal differences by emphasizing shared ethical practices, thereby constructing what can be termed "aestheticized pluralism". In the contemporary context of globalization, scholars increasingly rely on comparative theology and comparative religious studies to enable deeper mutual interpretation of core doctrines, bringing more mature forms of interfaith dialogue. These dialogue practices demonstrate unique paradigm shifts and reflections on Western theories of religious dialogue, contributing Eastern-inspired insights for contemporary religious dialogue.
摘要：
Abstract: Educational equity has been pursued from ancient times to the present, from the “education without discrimination” advocated by Confucius to the balanced development of compulsory education advocated today. This process is long and the task is arduous. S County in Henan Province adheres to the strategy of prioritizing education development and continuously increases investment in education. However, even so, the balanced development level of compulsory education in S City, Henan Province still needs to be improved. This article takes S County in Henan Province as the research object, analyzes the development situation and main problems of compulsory education, and puts forward feasible suggestions for the balanced development of compulsory education in S County in Henan Province.
