作者：
Richard William McLaughlin;YaLu Wang;ShuYa Zhang;HaiXia Xie;XiaoLing Wan;...
期刊：
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,2025年118(1):1-12 ISSN：0003-6072
通讯作者：
JinSong Zheng
作者机构：
[Richard William McLaughlin; YaLu Wang; YuJiang Hao; JinSong Zheng; ChaoQun Wang; Hui Liu] Innovation Research Center for Aquatic Mammals;Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China;School of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Gateway Technical College, Kenosha, USA;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;[HaiXia Xie; ShuYa Zhang] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology
通讯机构：
[JinSong Zheng] I;Innovation Research Center for Aquatic Mammals;Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
摘要：
Proteus faecis is a gram-negative facultative anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium capable of swarming motility. It has been isolated from numerous sources such as humans, animals, and refuse and is considered potentially pathogenic towards humans. In this study, bacteria were isolated from the blowhole of a Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis; YFP) living in captivity in China. One bacterium, P. faecis porpoise, was isolated and whole genome sequencing done. Biofilm formation, motility and antimicrobial resistance were also investigated. To find putative virulence factors, the genome of P. faecis strain porpoise was compared to the genomic sequences of eight other P. faecis isolates using the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) (
https://www.bv-brc.org/
). The goal of this study was to initially characterize the pathogenicity of this bacterium isolated from a cetacean species using both pathogenomics and conventional approaches.
作者机构：
[Xingyu Chen] China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gut Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;[Shubin Liu; Qianwen Ding; Yuanyuan Yao; Yalin Yang; Chao Ran] Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia;School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
通讯机构：
[Zhen Zhang] K;Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China<&wdkj&>Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
期刊：
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal,2024年32(6):102100 ISSN：1319-0164
通讯作者：
Xu, LY;Qiu, YS
作者机构：
[Li, Junjie; Jiang, Peipei; Xu, Lingyun; Han, Di; Liu, Mingxue; Wang, Yingzhou] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Life Sci & Technol, Xuefu South Rd 68,Changqing Garden, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Hongling] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Coll Med & Hlth Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Qiu, Yinsheng] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Xuefu South Rd 68,Changqing Garden, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xu, LY ; Qiu, YS ] W;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Life Sci & Technol, Xuefu South Rd 68,Changqing Garden, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Xuefu South Rd 68,Changqing Garden, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity;Baicalin;Gouty arthritis;Microemulsion-based gel;Skin penetration and retention
摘要：
We previously demonstrated that baicalin had efficacy against gouty arthritis (GA) by oral administration. In this paper, a novel baicalin-loaded microemulsion-based gel (B-MEG) was prepared and assessed for the transdermal delivery of baicalin against GA. The preparation method and transdermal capability of B-MEG was screened and optimized using the central composite design, Franz diffusion cell experiments, and the split-split plot design. Skin irritation tests were performed in guinea pigs. The anti-gout effects were evaluated using mice. The optimized B-MEG comprised of 50 % pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline, 4.48 % ethyl oleate, 31.64 % tween 80, 13.88 % glycerin, 2 % borneol, 0.5 % clove oil and 0.5 % xanthan gum, with a baicalin content of (10.42 +/- 0.08) mg/g and particle size of (15.71 +/- 0.41) nm. After 12 h, the cumulative amount of baicalin permeated from B-MEG was (672.14 +/- 44.11) mu g<middle dot>cm(-2). No significant skin irritation was observed following B-MEG application. Compared to the model group, B-MEG groups significantly decreased the rate of auricular swelling (P < 0.01) and number of twists observed in mice (P < 0.01); and also reduced the rate of paw swelling (P < 0.01) and inflammatory cell infiltration in a mouse model of GA. In conclusion, B-MEG represents a promising transdermal carrier for baicalin delivery and can be used as a potential therapy for GA.
摘要：
Honokiol is a multifunctional polyphenol present in Magnolia of ficinalis . The effects of honokiol as a supplement in broiler chicken diets, and the underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of honokiol on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens and to explore the underlying mechanisms. In total, 240 one -day -old broilers were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments, with 6 replicate pens and 8 birds per pen. Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (blank control, BC ), 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg honokiol ( H100, H200 , and H400 ), or 200 mg/kg bacitracin zinc ( PC ) for 42 d. The results showed that H200 and H400 increased body weight gain ( BWG ) and decreased feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) during the starter period ( P < 0.05). H100 and H200 increased total superoxide dismutase ( T -SOD ) activity in the serum and decreased malondialdehyde ( MDA ) amount in the jejunum on d 42 ( P < 0.05). Moreover, H100 increased villus height -to -crypt depth ratio in both the jejunum and ileum on d 21 ( P < 0.05). PCR analysis showed that honokiol upregulated intestinal expression of glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px ) and downregulated intestinal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS ) on d 42 ( P < 0.05). The Shannon index, which represents the microbial alpha diversity, was reduced for the PC, H200, and H400 groups. Notably, honokiol treatment altered the cecal microbial community structure and promoted the enrichment of several bacteria, including Firmicutes and Lactobacillus . Higher production of short -chain fatty acids was observed in the cecal digesta of H100 birds, accompanied by an enriched glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, according to the functional prediction of the cecal microbiota. This study provides evidence that honokiol improves growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of broiler chickens, possibly by manipulating the composition and function of the microbial community.
摘要：
The gastrointestinal nematode infection poses a covert threat to both humans and domestic animals worldwide, eliciting a type 2 immune response within the small intestine. Intestinal tuft cells detect the nematode and activated group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Tuft cell-derived leukotrienes (one of the metabolites of arachidonic acid) were found to drive rapid anti-helminth immunity, but it is still poorly understood whether the tuft cell-mediated type 2 immune circuit and arachidonic acid metabolism modulate anti-parasitic immunity in the gastric epithelium. This study was designed to evaluate the immunological responses of goats inoculated with or without H. contortus. Results showed that H. contortus infection induced a systemic type 2 immune response, characterised by lymphocyte proliferation and greater eosinophils both in peripheral blood and abomasal mucosa, as well as increased type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Infection of H. contortus altered the transcriptome of the abomasum epithelium, especially tuft cell-mediated circuit-key genes. The infection also influenced the abomasal microbiota, arachidonic acid metabolism and related lipid metabolites, accompanying with great increases in the secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. These findings demonstrate the role of tuft cells mediated circuit in sensing H. contortus infection and immune activation, reveal the candidate function of arachidonic acid involved in anti-helminth immunity, and suggest novel strategies for the control of parasitic diseases in livestock and humans. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
摘要：
Leader RNAs are viral small non-coding RNAs that has been proved to play important roles in viral replication. Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV) is an aquatic virus that has caused huge economic loss in Chinese snakehead fish aquaculture industry. It has been proved that SHVV would generate leader RNA during the process of infection, and leader RNA could interact with viral nucleoprotein to promote viral replication. In this study, we identified that leader RNA could also interact with cellular protein Cold Shock Domain containing E1 (CSDE1) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A3 (hnRNP A3). Further investigation reveals that overexpression of CSDE1 and hnRNP A3 facilitated SHVV replication. Downregulation of CSDE1 and hnRNP A3 by siRNA inhibited SHVV replication. This study provided a new sight into understand the mechanism of SHVV replication, and a potential anti-SHVV target for drug research.
摘要：
To evade host antiviral response, viruses have evolved to take advantage of their noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Snakehead vesiculovirus (SHVV), a newly isolated fish rhabdovirus from diseased hybrid snakehead, has caused high mortality to the cultured snakehead fish during the past years in China. However, little is known about the mechanisms of its pathogenicity. Our study revealed that overexpression of the 30-nt leader RNA promoted SHVV replication. RNA-protein binding investigation revealed that SHVV leader RNA could interact with host 40S ribosomal protein S8 (RPS8) and 60S ribosomal protein L13a (L13a). Furthermore, we found that SHVV infection upregulated RPS8 and L13a, and in turn, overexpression of RPS8 or L13a inhibited, while knockdown of RPS8 or L13a promoted, SHVV replication, suggesting that RPS8 and L13a acted as host antiviral factors in response to SHVV infection. In addition, our study revealed that RPS8- or L13a-mediated inhibition of SHVV replication could be restored by co-transfection with leader RNA, suggesting that the interaction between leader RNA and RPS8 or L13a might affect the anti-SHVV effects of RPS8 and L13a. Taken together, these results suggest that SHVV leader RNA can interact with the host antiviral factors RPS8 and L13a, and promote SHVV replication. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of SHVV and a potential antiviral strategy against SHVV infection.
摘要：
ScopeFerroptosis has been demonstrated to play an important role in various tissue injuries and diseases. Flaxseed oil (FO) has been proven to have benefits for intestinal health. This study aims to explore whether FO relieved lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury through modulating ferroptosis signaling pathway.Methods and resultsA total of 120 weaned piglets are fed diets with 3% soybean oil (SO) or 3% FO for 4 weeks. At the end of the trial, 24 piglets selected from two dietary treatment groups are used in a 2 x 2 factorial design with oil treatment (3% SO versus 3% FO) and LPS challenge (saline versus LPS). At 4 h postinjection with LPS, 24 piglets are slaughtered and intestinal samples are collected. FO improves growth performance of pigs. After LPS treatment, FO mitigates intestinal morphological damage and functional damage. Notably, FO reverses the typical ultra-morphology and biochemical indexes of ferroptosis involving glutathione, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal contents. Mechanistically, FO ameliorates the changes on mRNA or protein abundance of key ferroptosis signals including transferrin receptor protein 1 (TFR1), recombinant iron responsive element binding protein 2 (IREB2), FTL, HSPB1, ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), ferroportin 1 (FPN1), SLC7A11, solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and arachidonate-15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15).ConclusionsFO improves growth performance and mitigates intestinal structural and functional damage, which is involved in regulating ferroptosis signaling pathway. Structural and functional damage occurred in the intestines of piglets after injection of LPS. Mechanistically, LPS induced ferroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and activated this signaling pathway. However, Flaxseed oil (FO) improved growth performance of pigs. After LPS treatment, FO mitigated intestinal morphological and functional damage. FO ameliorated the changes on mRNA or protein abundance of key ferroptosis signals including TFR1, IREB2, FTL, HSPB1, FTH1, ferroportin 1, SLC7A11, SLC3A2, GPX4, and ALOX15. image
关键词：
Puerarin and poria cococs polysaccharide;Piglet;PEDV;Jejunum;Serine dehydratase like;Excessive autophagy
摘要：
This study aims to elucidate the mechanism underlying the reduced jejunal injury in PEDV-challenged piglets after oral administration of puerarin and poria cocos polysaccharides combination (PR + PCP, PP). Results showed that the PEDV challenge caused damage to the small intestine by injuring the villi and inducing redox imbalance which exacerbated the diarrhea of piglets, while PP administration trended to reduce the PEDV infection-caused diarrhea in piglets by alleviating the jejunal injury and restoring the redox balance. Further proteomics and qPCR results showed that PP could significantly reduce the decline of the protein and mRNA levels of gene SDSL inhibiting cellular autophagy in PEDV-infected jejunum of piglets. The immunofluorescence results showed that the autophagy levels of the jejunum expressing low SDSL caused by PEDV infection in the PEDV group were significantly higher than those of the jejunum expressing higher levels of SDSL caused by PP administration in the PP + PEDV group. These results showed that PEDV infection caused jejunal excessive autophagy in piglets by reducing the expression level of SDSL. However, the restoration of the expression level of SDSL significantly reduced the PEDV infection-caused jejunal excessive autophagy in piglets, leading to a decrease in jejunal injury. Therefore, PP administration can alleviate the excessive autophagy-caused jejunal injury by increasing SDSL levels in PEDV-infected piglets. This result suggests that PP can be used as a potential feed additive to prevent PEDV infection.
摘要：
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and are involved in bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated the function of miRNAs in the regulation of host responses to Pasteurella multocida infection. Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed miRNA expression pattern and identified differentially expressed miRNAs in Pasteurella multocida-infected goat lungs. In addition, we investigated the function of differentially expressed miRNAs andtheir targeted signaling pathways in bacterial infection processes. The results showed that Pasteurella multocida infection led to 69 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs, including 28 known annotated miRNAs with miR-497-3p showing the most significant difference. Gene target prediction and functional enrichment analyses showed that the target genes were mainly involved in cell proliferation, regulation of the cellular metabolic process, positive regulation of cellular process, cellular senescence, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway and infection-related pathways. In conclusion, these data provide a new perspective on the roles of miRNAs in Pasteurella multocida infection.
关键词：
ferroptosis;natural active compounds;liver disease;therapeutic implications
摘要：
Ferroptosis is an emerging type of regulated cell death usually accompanied by the accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe2+) and lipid peroxides. As the metabolic hub of the body, the liver is crucial for iron storage and lipid metabolism. The liver seems to be closely related to ferroptosis through iron and lipid metabolism. Liver disease greatly threatens host health, and exploring effective interventions is essential. Mounting studies have demonstrated that ferroptosis is one of the possible pathogenic mechanisms involved in liver disease. Targeting ferroptosis may provide a promising opportunity for treating liver disease. However, drugs targeting ferroptosis are extremely limited. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop new and safe ferroptosis regulators. Natural active compounds (NAC), especially those derived from traditional Chinese medicine, have recently shown great therapeutic potential in liver disease via modulating ferroptosis-related genes or pathways. Here, we outline the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis and systematically summarize the regulatory function of NAC on ferroptosis in liver disease. Finally, we discuss the application prospects and potential problems concerning NAC as ferroptosis regulators for managing liver disease.
摘要：
Oxidative stress occurs in the process of egg storage. Antioxidants as feed additives can enhance egg quality and extend the shelf life of eggs. Selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC) has strongly antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with SEC on egg quality and the yolk antioxidant capacity of eggs stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Four hundred fifty 65-week-old, Roman hens that were similar in laying rate (90.79 +/- 1.69%) and body weight (2.19 +/- 0.23 kg) were divided into 5 groups. The birds were fed diets supplemented with 0 mg/kg selenium (Se) (CON), 0.3 mg/kg Se from sodium selenite (SS), 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched yeast (SEY), 0.3 mg/kg Se for selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC) or 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched Cardamine violifolia and 0.3 mg/kg Se from Se-enriched yeast (SEC + SEY) for 8 weeks. The eggs were collected on the 8th week and were analyzed for egg quality and oxidative stability of yolk during storage at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C for 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Dietary SEC and SEC + SEY supplementation increased the Haugh unit (HU) and albumen foam stability in eggs stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C (p < 0.05). SS and SEC supplementation increased the yolk index in eggs stored at 25 degrees C (p < 0.05). SEC or SEC + SEY slowed down an increase in albumen pH and gel firmness in eggs stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C (p < 0.05). Moreover, SEC or SEC + SEY alleviated the increase in malonaldehyde (MDA), and the decrease in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in yolks stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C (p < 0.05). These results indicate that SEC mitigated egg quality loss and improved the antioxidant capacity of yolks during storage. SEC supplementation would be advantageous to extend the shelf life of eggs.
摘要：
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main bacterial cause of diarrhea in weaned piglets. Baicalin-aluminum (BA) complex is the main active ingredient of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracted-aluminum complex, which has been used to treat diarrhea in weaning piglets, however the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To investigate the effects of the BA complex on the regulation of porcine intestinal epithelial (IPEC-1) cells infected with ETEC, IPEC-1 cells were incubated with an ETEC bacterial strain at a multiplicity of infection of 1 for 6 h and then treated with different concentrations of the BA complex for 6 h. ETEC infection increased the levels of cAMP and cGMP, upregulated CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) mRNA, and downregulated NHE4 mRNA in IPEC-1 cells. Treatment with the BA complex inhibited ETEC adhesion and the production of cAMP and cGMP, reduced CFTR mRNA expression, and increased NHE4 mRNA expression. Overall, the BA complex weakened the adhesion of ETEC to IPEC-1 cells, and inhibited cAMP/cGMP-CFTR signaling in IPEC-1 cells.
摘要：
Poultry necrotic enteritis is an important enteric disease which might be controlled by antibiotics. However, with the excessive use of antibiotics, the phenomenon of drug resistance of Clostridium perfringens is becoming increasingly prominent. Anemoside B4 exhibits important antiinflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. This study was performed to estimate the effect of Anemoside B4 on chicken necrotic enteritis induced by C. perfringens in vivo and in vitro. . In the in vivo experiment we investigated the efficacy of Anemoside B4 on the growth curve, biofilm formation, haemolytic activity, virulence-related gene expression and NF-kappa B and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activation in Caco-2 cells induced by C. perfringens. . The results showed that 12.5-50 mu g/mL Anemoside B4 had no antibacterial activity but could inhibit biofilm formation, attenuate haemolytic activity and virulence-related gene expression of C. perfringens and weaken NF-kappa B and PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation triggered by C. perfringens in Caco-2 cells. In the in vivo experiment, 60 17-day-old healthy White Leghorns were randomly divided into six groups. The growing laying hens of the control group were fed a basic diet, and those of the five challenged groups were fed a basic diet (infection group), added 0.43 g/kg Anemoside B4 (0.43 g/kg Ane group), 0.86 g/kg Anemoside B4 (0.86 g/kg Ane group), 1.72 g/kg Anemoside B4 (1.72 g/kg Ane group) and 40 mg/kg lincomycin (lincomycin group), respectively. All challenged laying hens were infected with 1 x 109 9 CFU C. perfringens from day 17-20. Blood and intestinal samples were obtained, and the data demonstrated that Anemoside B4 improved the blood biochemical parameters, attenuated jejunum tissue injury, increased the spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricius index, and decreased lesion scores of the jejunum and the ileum. In the jejunum, Anemoside B4 and lincomycin downregulated the expression of IL-1 beta, , IL-6 , IL-10, , TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma at mRNA levels. Moreover, Anemoside B4 significantly enhanced both mRNA and protein levels of tight junctions ZO-1, Claudin-1 and MUC-2 in the jejunum. Anemoside B4 weakened p-P65, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p- mTOR protein expression in the jejunum infected by C. perfringens. . Diets supplemented with Anemoside B4 alleviated C. perfringens-induced-induced necrotic enteritis in laying hens by inhibiting NF kappa B and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways and improving intestinal barrier functions.
摘要：
<jats:p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe damage to the global pig industry in the past 20 years, creating an urgent demand for the development of associated medications. Flavonoids have emerged as promising candidates for combating coronaviruses. It is believed that certain flavonoids can directly inhibit the 3C-like protease (3CL<jats:sup>pro</jats:sup>), thus displaying antiviral activity against coronaviruses. In this investigation, we applied a flavonoid library to screen for natural compounds against PEDV 3CL<jats:sup>pro</jats:sup>. Baicalein and baicalin were found to efficiently inhibit PEDV 3CL<jats:sup>pro</jats:sup><jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>, with the IC<jats:sub>50</jats:sub> value of 9.50 ± 1.02 μM and 65.80 ± 6.57 μM, respectively. A docking analysis supported that baicalein and baicalin might bind to the active site and binding pocket of PEDV 3CL<jats:sup>pro</jats:sup>. Moreover, both baicalein and baicalin successfully suppressed PEDV replication in Vero and LLC-PK1 cells, as indicated by reductions in viral RNA, protein, and titer. Further investigation revealed that baicalein and baicalin mainly inhibited the early viral replication of the post-entry stage. Furthermore, baicalein showed potential effects on the attachment or invasion step of PEDV. Collectively, our findings provide experimental proof for the inhibitory effects of baicalein and baicalin on PEDV 3CL<jats:sup>pro</jats:sup> activity and PEDV infection. These discoveries may introduce novel therapeutic strategies for controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED).</jats:p>
摘要：
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) causes avian necrotic enteritis, leading to huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This pathogen induces host immunosuppression; however, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. Thus, we established a laying hen infection model to explore this mechanism. We randomly divided 20 one-old-day laying hens into the control and infection groups. The infection group was infected intragastrically with 1 × 10(9) colony-forming units of C. perfringens in 1 mL of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) once a day from d 17 to 20; the control group received the same volume of PBS without the bacterium. Twenty-four hours after the last challenge, we sacrificed the laying hens and collected the jejunum for analysis. The infection group presented alterations in blood biochemical parameters and necrotic lesion scores as well as damage to the jejunum. Proteomics revealed 427 upregulated and 291 downregulated proteins in the infection group. In the infection group, CD3, CD4, and CD8 messenger RNA expression (mRNA) expression was decreased; LAMTOR1 and mTORC1 mRNA expression was increased; CD276 protein expression was enhanced; and the PI3K/Akt/MMP pathway was activated in jejunum of laying hens. This is the first study to report CD276 expression in the jejunum related to immunosuppression in a laying hen model of necrotic enteritis. It provides some new key targets to potentially control avian necrotic enteritis.
