摘要：
Ethnopharmacological relevance Gouty arthritis (GA) is a disease caused by the malfunction of purine and/or uric acid metabolism. Tongzhi Surunjing Pills (TZSRJP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula derived from the ancient Uyghur book “Karzhibadin Kadeer”, is used clinically to treat GA, which still needs more research in its complex regulatory mechanisms.
Gouty arthritis (GA) is a disease caused by the malfunction of purine and/or uric acid metabolism. Tongzhi Surunjing Pills (TZSRJP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula derived from the ancient Uyghur book “Karzhibadin Kadeer”, is used clinically to treat GA, which still needs more research in its complex regulatory mechanisms.
Aim of study The aim of the study was to elucidate the main potential active components of TZSRJP and the mechanism by which it treated GA.
The aim of the study was to elucidate the main potential active components of TZSRJP and the mechanism by which it treated GA.
Methods We used network pharmacology and molecular docking to predict possible active ingredients and targets, and UPLC-MS to identify the content of key components, followed by transcriptomics to analyze targets of action and also demonstrated our hypothesis in rats.
We used network pharmacology and molecular docking to predict possible active ingredients and targets, and UPLC-MS to identify the content of key components, followed by transcriptomics to analyze targets of action and also demonstrated our hypothesis in rats.
Results Network pharmacology showed that TZSRJP Contained 120 active components and 934 potential targets. 9 of major active ingredients, such as gallic acid, colchicine, senoside A, and so on were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS. KEGG predicted the therapeutic effects mainly through NOD-like receptor pathway, Toll-like receptor pathway, and NF-κB pathway; molecular docking showed that its main active ingredients had high affinity with inflammation-related proteins such as NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNF. Transcriptomics also verified that the therapeutic effects were mainly carried out through inflammatory pathways. In vivo experiments verified the efficacy of TZSRJP in the treatment of GA and reduced the expression of proteins and genes related to the NLRP3 pathway. Therefore, TZSRJP alleviates GA development through the NLRP3 pathway, and the main components contain colchicine, gallic acid, and so on.
Network pharmacology showed that TZSRJP Contained 120 active components and 934 potential targets. 9 of major active ingredients, such as gallic acid, colchicine, senoside A, and so on were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS. KEGG predicted the therapeutic effects mainly through NOD-like receptor pathway, Toll-like receptor pathway, and NF-κB pathway; molecular docking showed that its main active ingredients had high affinity with inflammation-related proteins such as NLRP3, IL-1β, and TNF. Transcriptomics also verified that the therapeutic effects were mainly carried out through inflammatory pathways. In vivo experiments verified the efficacy of TZSRJP in the treatment of GA and reduced the expression of proteins and genes related to the NLRP3 pathway. Therefore, TZSRJP alleviates GA development through the NLRP3 pathway, and the main components contain colchicine, gallic acid, and so on.
作者：
McLaughlin, Richard William (7202581176);Wang, YaLu (59147925100);Zhang, ShuYa (57740238500);Xie, HaiXia (12143553100);Wan, XiaoLing (56967497800);...
期刊：
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY,2025年118(1):1-12 ISSN：0003-6072
通讯作者：
JinSong Zheng
作者机构：
[McLaughlin, Richard William (7202581176); Wang, YaLu (59147925100); Hao, YuJiang (8973036400); Zheng, JinSong (47161751200); Wang, ChaoQun (57862434200); Liu, Hui (59147826400)] Innovation Research Center for Aquatic Mammals;Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China;School of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Gateway Technical College, Kenosha, USA;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;[Xie, HaiXia (12143553100); Zhang, ShuYa (57740238500)] State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology
通讯机构：
[JinSong Zheng] I;Innovation Research Center for Aquatic Mammals;Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
摘要：
Soya saponins ( SS ) have the ability to improve the intestinal microbiota and enhance intestinal immune function. While, there are few reports on their application in broiler production. The present study was designed to investigate effects of dietary supplementary with SS on the intestinal health of birds challenged with coccidia ( CC ). 180 male and healthy Cobb 500 broiler chickens with unifrom body weight were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups, those groups were named as the control group ( CTR ), the coccidia challenged group ( CC ), and the SS treated group challenged with CC ( SS+CC ). There were 6 replicates in each group, and 10 birds in each replicate. Birds in the CTR and CC group were fed with the basic diet, and birds in the SS+CC group were fed with the basic diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg SS. The animal trial lasted for 21 days, on day 10 and 12, birds in the CC and SS+CC group were challenged with CC, and birds in the CTR group were treated with normal saline, samples were harvested on day 14, and the growth performance from day 1 to day 10 as well as from day 1 to day 21 were recorded. Outcomes showed that the body weight ( BW ), average daily weight gain ( ADG ) and average daily feed intake ( ADFI ) were descended, and the feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) was elevated with CC challenged ( P < 0.05). The villi height ( VH ) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth ( CD ) in jejunum and ileum were decreased with CC challenged, as well as the levels of ileal secretory immunoglobulin A ( sIgA ) and acetic acid in the ileal chyme ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the mRNA level of ileal occludin was down-regulated, the transcriptional levels of ileal IL-8 , interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ), cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease-1 ( Caspase-1 ), and induced NO synthase ( i-NOS ) were up-regulated with CC challenged ( P < 0.05). Dietary supplementary with SS tended to improve the FCR from day 1 to day 10 ( P = 0.06), and was able to alleviated the above-mentioned negative effects induced by CC. Interestingly, dietary supplementary with SS contributed to reshaping the structure of the intestinal microbiota, specifically, reshaping the abnormal changes in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Romboutsia in the ileal chyme challenged with CC ( P < 0.05). It was worth mentioning that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the ileal chyme, and it of Romboutsia was positively correlated with the mRNA levels of ileal IL-8, IFN-γ, Caspase-1 , and i-NOS ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementary with SS alleviated the poor intestinal health of broilers caused by CC via reshaping the structure of the intestinal microbiota.
Soya saponins ( SS ) have the ability to improve the intestinal microbiota and enhance intestinal immune function. While, there are few reports on their application in broiler production. The present study was designed to investigate effects of dietary supplementary with SS on the intestinal health of birds challenged with coccidia ( CC ). 180 male and healthy Cobb 500 broiler chickens with unifrom body weight were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups, those groups were named as the control group ( CTR ), the coccidia challenged group ( CC ), and the SS treated group challenged with CC ( SS+CC ). There were 6 replicates in each group, and 10 birds in each replicate. Birds in the CTR and CC group were fed with the basic diet, and birds in the SS+CC group were fed with the basic diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg SS. The animal trial lasted for 21 days, on day 10 and 12, birds in the CC and SS+CC group were challenged with CC, and birds in the CTR group were treated with normal saline, samples were harvested on day 14, and the growth performance from day 1 to day 10 as well as from day 1 to day 21 were recorded. Outcomes showed that the body weight ( BW ), average daily weight gain ( ADG ) and average daily feed intake ( ADFI ) were descended, and the feed conversion ratio ( FCR ) was elevated with CC challenged ( P < 0.05). The villi height ( VH ) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth ( CD ) in jejunum and ileum were decreased with CC challenged, as well as the levels of ileal secretory immunoglobulin A ( sIgA ) and acetic acid in the ileal chyme ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the mRNA level of ileal occludin was down-regulated, the transcriptional levels of ileal IL-8 , interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ), cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease-1 ( Caspase-1 ), and induced NO synthase ( i-NOS ) were up-regulated with CC challenged ( P < 0.05). Dietary supplementary with SS tended to improve the FCR from day 1 to day 10 ( P = 0.06), and was able to alleviated the above-mentioned negative effects induced by CC. Interestingly, dietary supplementary with SS contributed to reshaping the structure of the intestinal microbiota, specifically, reshaping the abnormal changes in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Romboutsia in the ileal chyme challenged with CC ( P < 0.05). It was worth mentioning that the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with the levels of short-chain fatty acids in the ileal chyme, and it of Romboutsia was positively correlated with the mRNA levels of ileal IL-8, IFN-γ, Caspase-1 , and i-NOS ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementary with SS alleviated the poor intestinal health of broilers caused by CC via reshaping the structure of the intestinal microbiota.
作者机构：
[Nengbin Zhu; Ruiping Xu; Xuelei Qu; Feiyang Gao; Lihe Liu; Hongsen Xu] Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China;[Xiaoai Li] General Station of Fishery Development and Resource Conservation in Shandong Province, 250013, Jinan, Shandong Province, China;[Eakapol Wangkahart] Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Nutrigenomics, Applied Animal and Aquatic Sciences Research Unit, Division of Fisheries, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand;[Mingbo Wu] Honghu Fisheries Development Center, Honghu, 433200, China
通讯机构：
[Hongsen Xu] H;Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
摘要：
In May 2024, outbreaks of massive mortality happened in the American bullfrog ( Aquarana catesbeiana ) farm in Honghu, Hubei Province China. A pathogenic strain of Elizabethkingia miricola , named as 2024EM05, was isolated and identified from diseased bullfrogs based on biochemical tests and molecular identification. Subsequently, the growth characteristic, pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity of the E. miricola strain, as well as the immune response of A. catesbeiana following E. miricola infection were both investigated. Virulence genes encoding polar flagella, capsule, urease accessory protein, isocitrate lyase, acyl carrier protein, T4SS effectors, outer membrane protein, O-antigen biosynthesis enzyme and porin protein were detected in E. miricola . The E. miricola 2024EM05 showed extensive antibiotic resistance to all tested aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillin, carbapenems and sulfonamides. Challenge experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of isolated E. miricola , with a median lethal dosage (LD 50 ) of 1.69×10 6 CFU/g for A. catesbeiana at 14 d post-infection. Severe histopathological changes, including extensive cell necrosis, hyaline degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration, were observed in the diseased frog. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly downregulated ( P < 0.05), while the value of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased ( P < 0.05) in serum of frog at 14 th day post infection with E. miricola . The transcriptional profiles of immune associated genes ( IL-8 , IL-1β , IL-10 , IFN-γ , TLR3, TLR4 , CD4, CD8 , CCL20, LZM , C3 and C4 ) in spleen and kidney of A. catesbeiana following E. miricola infection were determined by qRT- PCR assay. The results showed that all test genes were increased firstly and then decreased to the normal level, implying their regulatory role during the response of the host against bacterial invasion. The current study highlights that the presence of pathogenic E. miricola results in the mass mortalities of A. catesbeiana and provides valuable insights into the immune response of the American bullfrog after E. miricola infection.
In May 2024, outbreaks of massive mortality happened in the American bullfrog ( Aquarana catesbeiana ) farm in Honghu, Hubei Province China. A pathogenic strain of Elizabethkingia miricola , named as 2024EM05, was isolated and identified from diseased bullfrogs based on biochemical tests and molecular identification. Subsequently, the growth characteristic, pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity of the E. miricola strain, as well as the immune response of A. catesbeiana following E. miricola infection were both investigated. Virulence genes encoding polar flagella, capsule, urease accessory protein, isocitrate lyase, acyl carrier protein, T4SS effectors, outer membrane protein, O-antigen biosynthesis enzyme and porin protein were detected in E. miricola . The E. miricola 2024EM05 showed extensive antibiotic resistance to all tested aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillin, carbapenems and sulfonamides. Challenge experiments confirmed the pathogenicity of isolated E. miricola , with a median lethal dosage (LD 50 ) of 1.69×10 6 CFU/g for A. catesbeiana at 14 d post-infection. Severe histopathological changes, including extensive cell necrosis, hyaline degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration, were observed in the diseased frog. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly downregulated ( P < 0.05), while the value of malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased ( P < 0.05) in serum of frog at 14 th day post infection with E. miricola . The transcriptional profiles of immune associated genes ( IL-8 , IL-1β , IL-10 , IFN-γ , TLR3, TLR4 , CD4, CD8 , CCL20, LZM , C3 and C4 ) in spleen and kidney of A. catesbeiana following E. miricola infection were determined by qRT- PCR assay. The results showed that all test genes were increased firstly and then decreased to the normal level, implying their regulatory role during the response of the host against bacterial invasion. The current study highlights that the presence of pathogenic E. miricola results in the mass mortalities of A. catesbeiana and provides valuable insights into the immune response of the American bullfrog after E. miricola infection.
摘要：
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe intestinal damage, posing significant threats to the swine industry. Fucoidan (FUC), a biologically active compound, exhibits antiviral activity against multiple viruses. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of FUC on PEDV-induced intestinal injury in piglets and explore its underlying mechanisms. A total of 28 healthy crossbred piglets were randomly allocated into four experimental groups using a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) a control group, (2) an FUC group, (3) a PEDV group, and (4) an FUC+PEDV group. From day 4 to day 10, the piglets in the FUC and FUC+PEDV groups were orally administered fucoidan at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) each day. On day 8, the piglets in the PEDV and FUC+PEDV groups were orally administered PEDV at a dose of 3 × 10(5.5) TCID(50). The results show that FUC supplementation significantly decreased plasma DAO activity (p < 0.05) and increased the villus height, villus area, as well as the villus height/crypt depth (p < 0.05) in the intestine when compared to the PEDV-infected piglets. This indicates that FUC could alleviate the disruption of intestinal morphology and function caused by PEDV infection. FUC enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the piglets by increasing SOD and GSH-Px activity. Transcriptional profiling combined with quantitative analysis revealed that FUC regulates immune responses, substance transport, and arginine metabolism. Notably, FUC downregulated arginase 1 expression, which may redirect arginine toward nitric oxide synthesis, thereby establishing an antiviral state in the host. These findings highlight the potential application of FUC as a natural agent for mitigating PEDV-induced intestinal damage and improving gut health. Additionally, monitoring the health status of piglets is necessary when FUC is applied in practical applications.
作者机构：
[Guo, Pu; Lu, Qirong] Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;[Xu, Xiaoqing; Wang, Xu; Zhao, Yongxia; Pan, Yuanhu] National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China;[Guo, Pu] National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China;[Lopez-Torres, Bernardo; Martínez, Marta; Martínez-Larrañaga, María-Rosa; Martínez, María-Aránzazu; Ares, Irma] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain;[Anadón, Arturo] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address: aanadon@ucm.es
通讯机构：
[Anadón, Arturo] D;[Wang, Xu; Pan, Yuanhu] M;Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. Electronic address:;MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address:
摘要：
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a multi-system and multifactorial disease, which is characterised by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and high mortality. Zaltoprofen (ZPF), is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with powerful anti-inflammatory effects, as well as an analgesic action on inflammatory pain. Therefore, this research study aims to explore whether ZPF, its main metabolite M2 (S-oxide-zaltoprofen) and novel analogues can alleviate ALI through multiple targets. Based on molecular docking, the similar topological structure binding properties of protein targets (STSBPT) strategy, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), for first time, this study found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) are dual targets of ZPF and M2. Based on this outcome, novel analogues related to ZPF and M2 were designed. The present research study also examined the effect and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ZPF, M2 and the novel analogues on LPS-induced ALI in vitro and in vivo , through the dual targets of COX-2 and PPAR-γ. The findings of this study suggest that the STSBPT strategy could assist as a probable multi-target medicinal drug screening strategy, and ZPF, its main metabolite M2 and its novel analogues could serve as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ALI, through the both COX-2 and PPAR-γ molecular signalling targets.
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a multi-system and multifactorial disease, which is characterised by an uncontrolled inflammatory response and high mortality. Zaltoprofen (ZPF), is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with powerful anti-inflammatory effects, as well as an analgesic action on inflammatory pain. Therefore, this research study aims to explore whether ZPF, its main metabolite M2 (S-oxide-zaltoprofen) and novel analogues can alleviate ALI through multiple targets. Based on molecular docking, the similar topological structure binding properties of protein targets (STSBPT) strategy, the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), for first time, this study found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) are dual targets of ZPF and M2. Based on this outcome, novel analogues related to ZPF and M2 were designed. The present research study also examined the effect and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of ZPF, M2 and the novel analogues on LPS-induced ALI in vitro and in vivo , through the dual targets of COX-2 and PPAR-γ. The findings of this study suggest that the STSBPT strategy could assist as a probable multi-target medicinal drug screening strategy, and ZPF, its main metabolite M2 and its novel analogues could serve as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of ALI, through the both COX-2 and PPAR-γ molecular signalling targets.
摘要：
The proportion of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in commercial pig feed is severely unbalanced. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on growth performance and lipid metabolism of nursery pigs. A total of 240 nursery pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace) were fed diets with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, including 10:1, 5:1, 3:1, and 1.5:1. Pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 1.5:1 or 3:1 had optimum average daily gain and feed to gain ratio (p < 0.05). The levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were the lowest in pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 1.5:1 (p < 0.05). The concentrations of serum insulin, adiponectin and leptin were the highest in pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 3:1 (p < 0.05). Pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 3:1 had the highest abundance of genes associated with fatty acid absorption and transportation (FATP4, and PPARγ), synthesis and storage (FAS and GPAT) and degradation (ATGL, HSL, and MAGL) in intestine (p < 0.05). Pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 1.5:1 had the lowest abundance of genes associated with fatty acid absorption (CD36 and FABP4), synthesis and storage (ACC, FAS, ACLY, PAP, AGPAT, and GPAT) and degradation (CPT1 and HSL) in gastrocnemius muscle (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of genes associated with fatty acid metabolism (FATP2, FATP5, FABP1, FABP4, LPL, ACS, ACLY, AGPAT, GPAT, CPT1, ATGL, and MAGL) was up-regulated in liver and subcutaneous fat of pigs fed diet with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios of 1.5:1-5:1 (p < 0.05). In summary, diets with lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios improve growth performance, reduce blood lipids, facilitate lipid metabolism in intestine, liver and subcutaneous fat, and inhibit fatty acid absorption, synthesis and storage in gastrocnemius muscle in pigs.
摘要：
Background: Subcutaneous fat deposition is associated with ducks' meat quality and the methods used to cook them. However, the reasons underlying the differences in the lipid deposition of small-sized Wuqin10 meat ducks remain unclear. Method: In the present study, to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms of lipid deposition, we comprehensively analyzed the transcriptomics and lipidomics of subcutaneous fat in Wuqin10 meat ducks with different subcutaneous thicknesses with six replicates. Results: A total of 1120 lipids were detected in the lipidomic analysis, and 39 lipids were inexorably regulated in the ducks with the thick subcutaneous layer compared to those with the thin layer; further, the up-regulated lipids were primarily triglycerides (TGs), which may have resulted in adipocyte enlargement. Furthermore, the transcriptomic analysis identified 265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 119 down-regulated and 146 up-regulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the histidine, arginine, proline metabolism signaling and adipocytokine signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in Cytoscape 3.8.2 identified hub genes HSP90AA1, RUNX2, ACTN2, ACTA1, IL10, CXCR4, EGF, SOCS3 and PTK2, which were associated with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and regulation of adipocyte hypertrophy. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings reveal the patterns of lipids and the gene expression of subcutaneous fat, providing a basis for future studies of subcutaneous fat deposition in small-sized meat ducks.
摘要：
Wheat germination dynamically transforms its physicochemical, structural, textural, and metabolic characteristics, presenting new prospects for functional food innovation. In this study, we systematically profiled time-resolved changes in wheat over a 96-h germination period. Pronounced, time-dependent increases in crude and soluble protein contents were observed, with marked decreases in starch, bioavailable starch, and free sugars. Resistant starch slightly declined, while hydration and solubility indices of wheat flour increased sharply after 72 h. Conversely, gluten hydration and dough viscoelasticity decreased, indicating a shift toward suitability for instant and health-oriented foods over traditional high-gluten products. Metabolomic profiling identified 76 key metabolites showing sustained changes at 48 and 96 h. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of amino acid, lipid, and folate metabolism, and suppression of tryptophan metabolism and glycosaminoglycan degradation. Striking correlations were found between reduced starch fractions and diminished viscosity and texture, while increases in proteins, peptides, and small molecules (e.g., trigonelline) corresponded to enhanced hydration and antioxidant capacity. These findings elucidate the mechanistic links among metabolic pathways, signature metabolites, and wheat's functional properties, demonstrating that germination drives coordinated compositional and metabolic remodeling to improve solubility, protein quality, and health benefits for development of nutritious, low-glycemic foods.
Wheat germination dynamically transforms its physicochemical, structural, textural, and metabolic characteristics, presenting new prospects for functional food innovation. In this study, we systematically profiled time-resolved changes in wheat over a 96-h germination period. Pronounced, time-dependent increases in crude and soluble protein contents were observed, with marked decreases in starch, bioavailable starch, and free sugars. Resistant starch slightly declined, while hydration and solubility indices of wheat flour increased sharply after 72 h. Conversely, gluten hydration and dough viscoelasticity decreased, indicating a shift toward suitability for instant and health-oriented foods over traditional high-gluten products. Metabolomic profiling identified 76 key metabolites showing sustained changes at 48 and 96 h. Pathway analysis revealed upregulation of amino acid, lipid, and folate metabolism, and suppression of tryptophan metabolism and glycosaminoglycan degradation. Striking correlations were found between reduced starch fractions and diminished viscosity and texture, while increases in proteins, peptides, and small molecules (e.g., trigonelline) corresponded to enhanced hydration and antioxidant capacity. These findings elucidate the mechanistic links among metabolic pathways, signature metabolites, and wheat's functional properties, demonstrating that germination drives coordinated compositional and metabolic remodeling to improve solubility, protein quality, and health benefits for development of nutritious, low-glycemic foods.
摘要：
Citrobacter freundii, a common zoonotic pathogen affecting humans, livestock and fish, is recognized for its substantial impact on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mortality. However, the mechanisms of C. freundii infection in largemouth bass remain poorly understood. Based on the results of extracellular enzyme activity detection, it was speculated that the production of extracellular enzymes may be related to bacterial pathogenicity. To elucidate the immune response mechanism, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on spleen tissues from largemouth bass infected with C. freundii. Following quality filtering, the control group generated 44.04 million clean reads, while the infected group produced 44.32 million clean reads. A total of 385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, comprising 224 up-regulated and 161 down-regulated unigenes. Classification using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases further elucidated the biological functions and signalling pathways of the DEGs. Significantly impacted pathways included 'Galactose metabolism', ' Pyrimidine metabolism', ' Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism', 'Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis', 'Endocytosis', 'Phagosome' and 'SNARE interactions in vesicular transport', underscoring their roles in metabolic and immune-related signalling. Eight DEGs were chosen and validated for their expression levels via real-time quantitative PCR. This study offered molecular insights into the host defence mechanisms against C. freundii infection, contributing to the formulation of disease prevention and control strategies for largemouth bass aquaculture.
摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal glycerol monolaurate complex (GML) and antibiotic (acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, ATLL) supplementation during late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of piglets. In total, 64 pregnant sows were randomly divided into control, antibiotic, 0.1% GML, and 0.2% GML groups. The GML shortened their delivery interval and farrowing duration. The ATLL increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in sows and piglets and enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in piglets, while reducing the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level in sows. The GML tended to increase milk protein in the colostrum and decreased the TNF-α of sows at lactation. Meanwhile, 0.2% GML increased the serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and interleukin-6 level in weaned piglets and decreased the TNF-α level in sows and weaned piglets. Furthermore, ATLL decreased the microbial diversity of sows, and GML tended to increase the microbial diversity of sows and piglets. The ATLL group had an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidota in weaned piglets. The GML decreased the relative abundance of Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales, Proteobacteria, and the harmful bacteria Romboutsia in sows. Compared with the ATLL group, the 0.2% GML reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in weaned piglets. Interestingly, both ATLL and GML supplementation decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Peptostreptococcaceae in sows. Correlation analysis also found positive effects of ATLL and GML in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant aspects. In conclusion, GML enhanced reproductive and growth performance by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status and maintaining intestinal flora balance, making it a promising alternative to ATLL in future applications.
期刊：
European Journal of Pharmacology,2025年1001:177750 ISSN：0014-2999
通讯作者：
Wang, X;Anadón, A
作者机构：
[Guo, Pu; Lu, Qirong] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Hubei Key Lab Anim Nutr & Feed Sci, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Ye, Xiaochun; Lu, Qirong] Huazhong Agr Univ, Natl Reference Lab Vet Drug Residues HZAU, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Ye, Xiaochun; Lu, Qirong] Huazhong Agr Univ, MAO Key Lab Detect Vet Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Xu; Guo, Pu; Ye, Xiaochun; Lu, Qirong] Huazhong Agr Univ, MAO Lab Risk Assessment Qual & Safety Livestock &, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Lopez-Torres, Bernardo; Wang, Xu; Martinez, Marta; Anadon, Arturo; Martinez, Maria-Aranzazu; Ares, Irma; Martinez-Larranaga, Maria-Rosa] Univ Complutense Madrid UCM, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Fac Vet Med, Madrid, Spain.
通讯机构：
[Anadón, A ] U;[Wang, X ] N;Natl Reference Lab Vet Drug Residues HZAU, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;MAO Key Lab Detect Vet Drug Residues, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, Peoples R China.;Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Madrid 28040, Spain.
关键词：
Chemical agents;Natural products;Neurological disorders;Nucleic acids;PGC-1α;Peptides;Protein
摘要：
Neurological disorders are catastrophic and challenging conditions that affect central nervous system. They constitute a major health problem worldwide and place a huge economic burden on society and individuals. Extensive evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) is an essential macromolecule that could be targeted to ameliorate the pathology of neurological disorders. This review is the first to summarize studies that have used therapeutics targeted to influence PGC-1α transcription and/or protein abundance/stability to treat neurological diseases. Moreover, the therapeutic target role of PGC-1α has been clarified in neurological disorders from the potential therapeutic agent that targets PGC-1α, for example, chemical agents, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, and natural extracts. The scientific evidence summarized in this review demonstrates that targeting PGC-1α is an effective strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Moreover, PGC-1α could be used as a target to screen or discover new safe and effective natural products, chemical compounds, nucleic acids, or proteins for treating neurological disorders. This review provides new insights that targeting PGC-1α is an efficient strategy for the therapy of neurological disorders and providing key protein target for developing and screening new, safe, and effective PGC-1α agonists against neurological disorders.
Neurological disorders are catastrophic and challenging conditions that affect central nervous system. They constitute a major health problem worldwide and place a huge economic burden on society and individuals. Extensive evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) is an essential macromolecule that could be targeted to ameliorate the pathology of neurological disorders. This review is the first to summarize studies that have used therapeutics targeted to influence PGC-1α transcription and/or protein abundance/stability to treat neurological diseases. Moreover, the therapeutic target role of PGC-1α has been clarified in neurological disorders from the potential therapeutic agent that targets PGC-1α, for example, chemical agents, proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, and natural extracts. The scientific evidence summarized in this review demonstrates that targeting PGC-1α is an effective strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Moreover, PGC-1α could be used as a target to screen or discover new safe and effective natural products, chemical compounds, nucleic acids, or proteins for treating neurological disorders. This review provides new insights that targeting PGC-1α is an efficient strategy for the therapy of neurological disorders and providing key protein target for developing and screening new, safe, and effective PGC-1α agonists against neurological disorders.
作者机构：
[Luo, Jia; Chen, Xingyu; Liu, Yao; Teame, Tsegay; Zhou, Qingwen; Zhou, Zhigang] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Feed Res, China Norway Joint Lab Fish Gut Microbiota, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Yalin; Ran, Chao; Zhang, Zhen; Liu, Shubin; Ding, Qianwen; Yao, Yuanyuan] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Feed Res Inst, Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Feed Res,Key Lab Feed Biotechnol, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;[Teame, Tsegay] Tigray Agr Res Inst, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia.;[Luo, Jia; Liu, Yao; Zhou, Qingwen] Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Anim Sci & Nutr Engn, Wuhan 430023, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Zhen] Univ British Columbia, Fac Land & Food Syst, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
通讯机构：
[Zhou, ZG ; Zhang, Z ] C;Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Feed Res, China Norway Joint Lab Fish Gut Microbiota, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Feed Res Inst, Minist Agr & Rural Affairs, Inst Feed Res,Key Lab Feed Biotechnol, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Bacillus velezensis;Intestinal microbiota;Solid state fermentation product;Gut and liver health
摘要：
Nowadays, the fermented products of probiotics have been playing a significant role in aquaculture and become an emerging research interest. This study evaluated the 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg solid state fermentation product of Bacillus velezensis T23 supplemented diets (39 % crude protein and 10 % crude fat) on the growth, lipid metabolism, liver and intestinal health, and gut microbiota of Cyprinus carpio (2.51 +/- 0.01 g) by physiobiochemical, histomorphological and gut microbiome methods. The results showed that in the 0.4 T23 group, the weight gain was significantly increased (p p < 0.05), compared to the control. . In the 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups, the expressions of lipogenesis-related genes (fas, fas , acc, srebp and ppar gamma) were significantly down-regulated, while the expressions of lipolysis-related ( ppar alpha, lpl, , fabp1 and apo-po) ) genes were up-regulated. Furthermore, the levels of serum ALT and AST were decreased notably (p p < 0.05), whereas T-AOC and SOD activity were increased significantly in the 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups, compared with the control. Pro-inflammatory genes ( nf-kb , tnf-alpha, and il-1 beta) ) were downregulated in 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups (p p < 0.05). Anti-inflammatory related genes ( il-10 and tgf-beta) ) were upregulated in 0.3 T23 groups. This result had been supported by liver histomorphology that T23 diets had decreased the levels of liver health biomarkers and intestinal injury and improve the hepatic antioxidant capacity. Dietary supplementation of T23 at a level of 0.3 g/kg increased alpha-diversity- diversity and the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota (phylum) and Cetobacterium (genus). The ratio of "(Fusobacteriota+Firmicutes+Bacteroidota)/ +Firmicutes +Bacteroidota)/ Proteobacteria" in 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups was significantly increased, compared with the control group. Hence, this study clarified that the addition of solid state fermentation product of B. velezensis T23 to the diet (0.3 and 0.4 g/kg) of common carp improves inflammatory response, liver and gut health, and modulates the intestinal microbiota of carp positively.
摘要：
Identification of functional genes associated with milk production is essential for establishing effective breeding programs in dairy cattle. To date, the specific functional genes involved in milk production in dairy cows remain to be identified. In this study, we used public RNA-seq data from dairy cows and employed gene co-expression network analysis to identify the integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) as a potential candidate gene related to lactation. In vitro assays demonstrated that ITGB1 knockdown in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) inhibited cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and reduced triglyceride levels. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that ITGB1 knockdown resulted in differential expression of 503 genes, which were significantly enriched in the FoxO, IL-17, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. Moreover, ITGB1 knockdown caused a reduction in the phosphorylation of both AKT and FoxO1. Conversely, SC79-mediated activation of AKT promoted the phosphorylation and nuclear export of FoxO1, which in turn inhibited the expression of pro-apoptotic factors such as BIM and BAX, thereby attenuating the pro-apoptotic effects induced by ITGB1 knockdown in MAC-T cells. Our findings indicate that ITGB1 is a functional gene regulating milk production and a promising candidate gene for selective breeding in dairy cattle. By utilizing gene co-expression network analysis and in vitro validation, ITGB1 was identified as a candidate gene associated with lactation. Milk production is an economically important trait affecting the profitability of dairy cattle. The identification of functional genes associated with milk production is essential for developing effective breeding programs. In our study, we initially used gene co-expression network analysis to identify the integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) gene as a candidate gene related to milk production in dairy cows. Subsequently, we validated that ITGB1 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) through the AKT-FoxO1 signaling pathway. In addition, we observed that ITGB1 affects milk fat synthesis in MAC-T cells. Our findings indicate that ITGB1 is a promising candidate gene associated with lactation.
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Glaesserella parasuis elicits severe inflammatory responses and vascular damage, thus resulting in high mortality and morbidity in pigs; consequently, early diagnosis and treatment are critical to controlling economic losses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in vascular endothelial inflammation. Baicalin is an effective Chinese medicinal herb with anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity. Probenecid has activity toward multiple mammalian biological processes. Herein, we compared the effects of baicalin and probenecid on the miRNA expression profiles of porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells (PAVECs) infected with G. parasuis. RESULTS: We identified 277 known miRNAs and 540 novel miRNAs. Twelve miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in PAVECs after G. parasuis infection. Both baicalin and probenecid affected the miRNA expression profiles in G. parasuis-infected PAVECs but showed different modulation patterns. Ssc-miR-27b-5p and ssc-miR-1842 were the top differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in baicalin group comparing to control group. Ssc-miR-9851-3p and ssc-miR-1296-5p were the top DEmiRNAs in probenecid group. And Ssc-miR-127, ssc-miR-1842, and ssc-miR-9810-3p were the top DEmiRNAs between the baicalin group and probenecid group, as validated by qRT-PCR. The target genes of DEmiRNAs between various groups were subjected to KEGG and GO enrichment analyses. Hematopoietic cell lineage, insulin resistance, and AMPK signaling pathway were the top significantly enriched pathways associated with the target genes of DEmiRNAs in G. parasuis-infected PAVECs pretreated with baicalin; in contrast, B cell receptor, T cell receptor, and HIF-1 signaling pathways predominated in G. parasuis-infected PAVECs treated with probenecid. We additionally constructed co-expression and protein-protein interaction networks based on the differentially expressed target genes of miR-127, miR-1842, and miR-9810-3p. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that baicalin and probenecid regulated miRNAs associated with vascular inflammation and damage, but showed different modulation patterns. This report provided the first comparison of the effects of baicalin and probenecid on G. parasuis-infected PAVECs, and might aid in the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to control G. parasuis infection.
作者机构：
[Liu, Yulan; Wang, Dan; Li, Shunkang; Wu, Nianbang; He, Wensheng; Kuang, Yanling; Zhu, Huiling] Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China;[Gao, Qingyu; Cong, Xin] Enshi Se-Run Material Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Enshi, China;[Liu, Liping] Beijng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China;[Cheng, Shuiyuan] National R&D Center for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing, School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
通讯机构：
[Xin Cong] E;[Dan Wang] H;Enshi Se-Run Material Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Enshi, China<&wdkj&>Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the impact of Cardamine violifolia on muscle protein degradation, the inflammatory response and antioxidant function in weaned piglets following LPS challenge. Twenty-four weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with dietary treatment (sodium selenite or Cardamine violifolia) and LPS challenge. After 28 days of feeding, pigs were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg/kg LPS or saline. Dietary supplementation with Cardamine violifolia mitigated the reduction in insulin and growth hormone levels induced by LPS. It also curbed the LPS-induced elevation of plasma glucagon, urea nitrogen, and creatinine concentrations. Cardamine violifolia reduced muscle damage caused by LPS, as evidenced by increased protein content and protein/DNA ratio and decreased TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression. Furthermore, Cardamine violifolia modulated the expression of FOXO1, FOXO4, and MuRF1 in muscle, indicative of the protective effect against muscle protein degradation. Enhanced muscle antioxidant function was observed in the form of increased T-AOC, reduced MDA concentration, and decreased mRNA expression of GPX3, DIO3, TXNRD1, SELENOS, SELENOI, SELENOO, and SEPHS2 in LPS-treated piglets. The findings suggest that Cardamine violifolia supplementation can effectively alleviate muscle protein degradation induced by LPS and enhance the antioxidant capacity in piglets.
摘要：
Previous research has found that largemouth bass co-infected with Aeromonas veronii and Nocardia seriolae caused quicker and higher mortality than those infected by one single bacteria. Whereas, the pathogenic mechanism of co-infection with A . veronii and N . seriolae is still unclear. To explore this reason, the bacterial load in liver, spleen and head kidney, as well as the antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity, histopathological changes and gene expression profiles of largemouth bass were both investigated and comparatively analyzed following mono- and co-infections. The results revealed that the total amount of A. veronii and N. seriolae in liver, spleen and head kidney of co-infected fish was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than that of every single infected fish at 7 th and 14 th days post-infection (dpi). Meanwhile, the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, AKP and LZM were remarkably ( P < 0.05) decreased in infected fish, whereas the CAT and ACP capacities were increased. Moreover, the expression levels of immune-related genes in the spleen and head kidney increased initially and then decreased during 96 h after infection, whereas apoptosis-related genes showed a continuous rise. Especially, the mRNA profile of genes from co-infected fish was higher than that of each single infected fish at the time when the maximum expression appeared. In addition, the liver, spleen, head kidney and intestine of largemouth bass exhibited severe tissue lesions after infection. Particularly, the degree of damage in co-infected fish was more serious than that of each single infected fish. The results will advance our knowledge on the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host immune system during mono- or co-infection with A. veronii and N. seriolae , and then help to develop management strategies to mitigate the impact of bacterial infection on largemouth bass production.
Previous research has found that largemouth bass co-infected with Aeromonas veronii and Nocardia seriolae caused quicker and higher mortality than those infected by one single bacteria. Whereas, the pathogenic mechanism of co-infection with A . veronii and N . seriolae is still unclear. To explore this reason, the bacterial load in liver, spleen and head kidney, as well as the antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity, histopathological changes and gene expression profiles of largemouth bass were both investigated and comparatively analyzed following mono- and co-infections. The results revealed that the total amount of A. veronii and N. seriolae in liver, spleen and head kidney of co-infected fish was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than that of every single infected fish at 7 th and 14 th days post-infection (dpi). Meanwhile, the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, AKP and LZM were remarkably ( P < 0.05) decreased in infected fish, whereas the CAT and ACP capacities were increased. Moreover, the expression levels of immune-related genes in the spleen and head kidney increased initially and then decreased during 96 h after infection, whereas apoptosis-related genes showed a continuous rise. Especially, the mRNA profile of genes from co-infected fish was higher than that of each single infected fish at the time when the maximum expression appeared. In addition, the liver, spleen, head kidney and intestine of largemouth bass exhibited severe tissue lesions after infection. Particularly, the degree of damage in co-infected fish was more serious than that of each single infected fish. The results will advance our knowledge on the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host immune system during mono- or co-infection with A. veronii and N. seriolae , and then help to develop management strategies to mitigate the impact of bacterial infection on largemouth bass production.
作者：
Su, Liangxia*;Li, Huanhuan;Xia, Xue;Xiong, Xiaoqin;Ding, Yifan;...
期刊：
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2025年305:119196 ISSN：0147-6513
通讯作者：
Su, Liangxia;Liu, Jun
作者机构：
[Su, Liangxia] School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China. Electronic address: suliangxia027@126.com;[Xia, Xue; Ding, Yifan; Li, Huanhuan] School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;[Xiong, Xiaoqin] Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China;[Liu, Jun] School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China. Electronic address: 673164434@qq.com;[He, Yongfeng] The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
通讯机构：
[Su, Liangxia; Liu, Jun] S;School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China. Electronic address:
摘要：
Cadmium plays no know functional role in any life-form, but has severe effects. To elucidate the mechanism of cadmium-induced liver injury, 120 rare minnows were used to collect samples or culture liver cell. Animal assays results showed that exposed to 5 µg/L or 10 µg/L cadmium for 28 d caused histological changes with increased histopathological condition index ( I h ), significantly increased the cadmium content and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of rare minnow liver. The changed Sestrin2 (Sesn2) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions were clarified that Sesn2 was closely related with Nrf2 pathway. Western blot supported the event of apoptosis in cadmium exposed liver tissues as compared to control, which was further confirmed by downregulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes and upregulated pro-apoptosis gene bcl2 expression. Cell assays further validated that cadmium exposure decreased liver cell viability, markedly increased ROS production and pro-apoptotic genes expression and suppressed antioxidant genes expression after Sesn2 knockout. Altogether, the present results demonstrated that Sesn2 can facilitated Nrf2 pathway via ROS-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis after cadmium exposure. These data indicated that Sesn2 might be a new target to study the mechanism of cadmium-induced liver injury.
Cadmium plays no know functional role in any life-form, but has severe effects. To elucidate the mechanism of cadmium-induced liver injury, 120 rare minnows were used to collect samples or culture liver cell. Animal assays results showed that exposed to 5 µg/L or 10 µg/L cadmium for 28 d caused histological changes with increased histopathological condition index ( I h ), significantly increased the cadmium content and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of rare minnow liver. The changed Sestrin2 (Sesn2) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expressions were clarified that Sesn2 was closely related with Nrf2 pathway. Western blot supported the event of apoptosis in cadmium exposed liver tissues as compared to control, which was further confirmed by downregulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes and upregulated pro-apoptosis gene bcl2 expression. Cell assays further validated that cadmium exposure decreased liver cell viability, markedly increased ROS production and pro-apoptotic genes expression and suppressed antioxidant genes expression after Sesn2 knockout. Altogether, the present results demonstrated that Sesn2 can facilitated Nrf2 pathway via ROS-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis after cadmium exposure. These data indicated that Sesn2 might be a new target to study the mechanism of cadmium-induced liver injury.
